04 THE TREND OF THE RACE 
tion for honest work. Pauper families were found to marry into 
other pauper families, some families even producing paupers 
through several generations. The committee reported that many 
of “‘the paupers whom they had seen and examined individually, 
are characterized by some obvious vice or defect such as drunken- 
ness, theft, persistent laziness, a tubercular tendency, mental 
deficiency, deliberate moral obliquity, or general weakness of 
character, manifested by the want of initiative, energy or stam- 
ina.” In his discussion of the findings of this committee, 
Whetham cites two families which are described as average 
specimens of the results obtained: ‘Out of a family of twelve 
children, of whom four were dead, two were in industrial schools 
and one was in the workhouse. Both parents were paupers, all 
four grandparents, and, in addition, three uncles, one aunt, one 
aunt by marriage, three great-uncles and one of their wives, 
two great-aunts were kept at the public expense. Another 
branch of the same family gave the following results: An imbecile 
child was found in the wards of a workhouse infirmary; its pater- 
nal grandfather’s brother was a lunatic, the mother’s father was 
an insane epileptic, her mother was consumptive, her maternal 
grandmother was probably consumptive and certainly a pauper, 
while the mother herself was illigitimate and subject to fits.” 
The history of the Jukes, the Tribe of Ishmael, the Hill Folk, 
the Nams, and several other families show that much pauperism 
is a sort of family tradition resting upon a fundamental basis of 
inherited defect. The bad environment among which children of 
such families are usually raised makes paupers, vagrants or 
criminals of many who otherwise might have led useful lives. 
REFERENCES 
THE HEREDITARY FACTOR IN CRIME 
Aschaffenburg, G. Crime and its Repression. Boston, 1913. 
Bleuler, E. Der geborene Verbrecher. J. F. Lehmann, Munich, 1896. 
Boies, H. M. Prisoners and Paupers, N. Y., 1893. The Science of Penology, 
Putnam’s Sons, N. Y. and London, 1901. 
Dallemagne, J. Les Stigmates Anatomiques de la Criminalité, Masson, Paris, 
1896. Dégénérés et Deséquilibrés, Bruxelles, 1897.. 
