CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES 261 
inter-racial groups is followed by any reduction of natural 
fecundity. 
What can we say of the effects of race-mixture on mental 
development? We have no grounds for alleging that the products 
of mingling the various ethnic stocks of Europe are in any way 
inferior to their component elements. Certainly it would be easy 
to compile a very extensive list of most eminent men of mixed 
ethnic origin. There is no adequate evidence for concluding that 
hybrids even of distinct races are mentally less developed than 
the average of the inferior race. In general, experience seems to 
show that they possess a degree of intelligence more or less inter- 
mediate between that of the races from which they are derived. 
Where there has been much intermingling of races of different 
cultural levels the mixed breeds tend to occupy a relatively 
advanced position. 
The best opportunities for the study of mentality of a mixed 
race are afforded by the mulattoes of the United States. Most 
students of the subject agree that the mulatto is considerably 
superior in intellect to the full-blooded negro, however they may 
explain this superiority. From a study of the achievements of 
mulattoes and negroes by E. B. Reuter I quote the following: 
In a recently published compilation of one hundred and thirty-nine 
of the supposedly best-known American Negroes there are not more 
than four men of pure Negro blood, and one of these, at least, owes his 
prominence to the fact of his black skin and African features rather 
than to any demonstrated native superiority. Of the twelve Negroes 
on whom the degree of doctor of philosophy has been conferred by 
reputable American Universities, eleven at least were men of mixed 
blood. Among the professional classes of the race the mulattoes out- 
class the black Negroes perhaps ten to one, and the ratio is yet higher 
if only men of real attainments be considered. In medicine the ratio 
is probably fifteen to one, in literature the ratio is somewhat higher, 
on the stage it is probably thirteen to one, in music the ratio is at 
least twelvé to one. In art no American Negro of full blood has so far 
found a place among the successful... . 
The successful business men of the race are in nearly all cases men 
