INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 327 
thereby checking her losses to other lands through emigration, 
has constituted a great element of strength to the empire, that 
might have resulted in an accelerated expansion of her dominion 
and a further increase of her population had the outcome of the 
war been more in accordance with her plans. Such effects of in- 
dustrial development are the first results which follow upon the 
natural response of life to an increased means of support. But 
while increased production of wealth allows more individuals to 
gain a subsistence and may lead to national expansion, it sets into 
operation several influences which may deteriorate the quality of 
the expanding people. At the same time other tendencies are 
brought into play whose effect on the people is in the direction of 
racial improvement. 
One complex set of factors may be grouped under the general 
heading of occupational selection, or the differential death rate 
among the employees of various industries. It is well known that 
the average expectation of life varies greatly among those engaged 
in different occupations. A considerable mass of data on this 
subject has been compiled in the census reports of several coun- 
tries and by life insurance companies. The racial effects of 
occupational selection depend upon what relations exist between 
innate qualities and the choice of means of livelihood. Were those 
who follow different trades and professions recruited indifferently 
from all types it would be of no racial significance how rates of 
mortality are distributed. But people not only select occupa- 
tions, but occupations select people. Different occupations 
demand various degrees of intelligence, reliability and diligence, 
to say nothing of different physical qualities, such as strength, 
endurance and quickness. There is no likelihood that a born 
dullard will become a captain of industry and a weakling by 
nature is not apt to qualify as a stevedore or structural iron 
worker. Toa considerable extent the choice of an occupation is a 
fortuitous matter, depending upon tradition, education and the 
kinds of industry represented in a given time and place. Occupa- 
tions are frequently changed, especially those requiring little 
skill and training. But notwithstanding a large element of purely 
