INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 329 
Mean Annual Death Rates per 1,000 Males of Different Occupations in 
England and Wales, 1900-02 
Age Groups 
Occupations 
25-35 | 35-45 | 45-65 
Clersymenisc-5s gee dceit dead 2.72 4.09 15.53 
PHY SCNS «acu Uka ieee’ sew ake tas 5-58 10.56 23.87 
SCHOOMMASEETS yd vaio. ve ecleacde ars dcos 3.64 5-54 15.76 
Farm laborersic sc... cae we sews s 4.34 6.36 
TMkee pers cic eaece wes Races aks 13.87 22.50 35.90 
Coal miners.c62 5: ieralied arate bes 5.08 7.97 23.22 
PEWS CTS ecce ta-anicethecnns as soa in 13.34 27.14 51.64 
CATPENtEDs se siete ecicanea Weleda 4.76 8.30 20.03 
File makers... .4¢aserecaesadeunes 9.70 18.96 40.04 
Hammers’: 6c 2 5 Agievy gakeesee aris 4.07 5.90 14.82 
POULCTS sas earc he tts eae 5.49 14.95 39.12 
Pishermenms-sw,2 his Shiels nin Se aoe 8.44 12.44 18.63 
Barristets icc. 2ganed sow ean een 4.88 7-59 18.29 
General shopkeepers.............. 11.08 20.71 30.17 
among the makers of matches, and many other industries take a 
high toll of their operatives as is shown by Oliver in his Diseases 
of Occupation and in his Dangerous Trades. 
Other bad effects are due not so much to the occupation itself 
as to other circumstances associated with it, such as poor ventila- 
tion, dust, liability to contagion, and incitement to intemperance 
as is evinced by the high mortality of innkeepers and tavern 
keepers in England. Undoubtedly one of the chief factors in 
mortality is remuneration. Upon this depends the character of 
the lodging occupied, the quality of food, proper medical atten- 
dance during illness and many other advantages of a more in- 
direct kind. Other things equal, in industry, the poorer the pay 
the higher the death rate, although it is of course only a part of 
the truth to say that the high death rate is because of the poor 
pay. 
