INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 339 
extensively and intensively than in the United States, and a vast 
literature has been accumulated on these subjects. Up to the 
last quarter century the urban death rates generally exceeded the 
tural, but more recently, however, the death rate in cities has 
decreased more rapidly than in the country, so that in several 
countries the urban rate has become the lower of the two. 
This fact may be illustrated by the following table showing the 
decline of the death rate in some of the principal cities and 
countries of Europe: 
Decline of Urban and Rural Death Rates in Europe 
1881-85|1886—90|1891-95|1596—00]1901-05|1906—09|19I10 
Lond ones. 2.60 8oeakss 20.9 | 19.7 | 18.8 | 18.5 16.1 14.4 |13.7 
England and Wales...... 16.4. | 18.9 | 18.7 | 2727 | T6l0 | 14.9 [1325 
PATS Ong nacaceeg MESES 24:4 || 23.6 || 2522 | 16.2 | 18.0) 1727 106.7 
Frans oj.0cietacncunmstoa ae 22.2 | 22.0 | 22.3 | 20.7 | 19.6 | 19.2 |17.9 
Wiennass een a2 teen te 28.2 2505 24.1 Qt k 19.1 17.3 |16.6 
Biidapests. ois vacaca estes 31.5 | 30.8 | 25.5 | 21.6 | 19.8 | 19.4 |18.4 
PRAGUE: oe an cnolhuunaend at 32.9 | 2926 | 27.7 24.4 | 22.6 | 19.6 |15.5 
FUN ZAG Scie ericianoew sine g3.% | 32.f | 328 | 27.9. | 26.2 | 25:0 
Berlatis ass cieses gaeednishag's 26.5 22.4 | 20.5 | 18.1 17.0 | 15.4 |14.7 
Miunichiiss 6 0s awenesei se 30.4 | 28.3 | 25.8 | 23:9 | 2r-0 | 17-9 |0S.1 
Breslau. oe esis eecoeas BY s3 28.8 27.4 23.0 23.7 Qik 1049 
GeTMADY. .i29:4.4005 serie 95.3. | 24.4 | 23-3 | 22.2 | to.@ | 175 ]t6-2 
In the German Empire the death rates for cities of over 15,000 
or more inhabitants have averaged lower than for the rural dis- 
tricts since the seventies, although in Prussia the cities did not 
take the lead until the nineties. 
Death Rates of City and Country in Germany 
1877-81 | 1882-86 | 1887-91 | 1892-96 | 1897-01 
In cities over 15,000......- 25.273 25.83 23.46 73 ay 20.46 
THEMPITE i sdaieeas eke: 27-5 27:3 25.2 24.0 22.4 
