INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 349 
emancipation of women from economic dependence upon man. 
What are the racial effects of this movement is a question which 
has naturally attracted much attention and elicited much dis- 
cussion. A solution of the question involves a number of sub- 
sidiary enquiries as to the effect of the changing industrial status 
of women upon the marriage rate, death rate and fecundity of the 
different hereditary classes of their sex. 
Among women, as among men, those engaged in skilled labor 
or in professions marry later than those in ordinary employment. 
In Prussia, according to Prinzing, the average age of marriage is 
low among factory workers (24.6-25.5) and cigar makers (23.5), 
a little higher among shop girls (25.8), seamstresses (26) and 
waitresses (24), and higher still among teachers (29). The 
English textile worker marries before the shop girl, and the latter 
before the trained employee. The higher the status the less 
frequent also are the marriages. The development of industry by 
creating opportunities for an independent career for women 
tends to induce the more capable to enter upon those pursuits in 
which we find a low marriage rate. The proportion of married 
women is usually greater in the country, where only a relatively 
small number of women are working for wages than it is in cities. 
The stream of cityward migration is frequently composed of 
more women than men. 
The influence of the industrial mill upon the physique of the 
throngs of young women that seek an independent livelihood is 
only too frequently far from wholesome. The fatigue, poor 
housing conditions and nervous strain to which they are subject 
deprive many of the natural inclination to marry or render them 
less apt to be chosen as wives. But the baneful influence of 
industrial development is not so much its effect upon the physical 
welfare of womankind in general, as its tendency to divert the 
better endowed from the duties of motherhood. 
Besides the effect of employment of women upon marriage we 
must reckon with its influence upon women after they are mar- 
ried. The proportion of married women who are employed in 
gainful occupations is of course much smaller than in the un- 
