When to Graft. 89 
to use dormant scions, the growth of which is retarded by heel- 
ing them in on the north side of a building, or keeping them in 
sand in the cellar, as the grower chooses. Of course it should 
be understood that there are parts of the State where the winter 
conditions are more nearly like those at the East, and practise 
has to conform to them. 
As to whether it is better to remove the eis top of the 
tree and graft all the limbs in one year, there is some difference 
of opinion. The prevailing practise is to graft over part of the 
limbs one year and the balance the following year; or else to 
leave part of the top to shade the bark and take part of the sap 
flow until the grafts start out well, and then cut it away. 
Whenever old bark is exposed by cutting back for grafting, 
thorough protection against sunburn must be provided. The 
simplest way to do this is to cover the exposed bark with good 
whitewash. By using thirty pounds of lime, four pounds tallow, 
and five pounds of salt with enough water to make it flow well, 
a tenacious whitewash can be secured. 
What has been said thus far relates especially to the work- 
ing over of old trees of common deciduous fruits. Though 
much the same method will succeed with some of the semi- 
tropical fruits and with nut trees, the discussion of their propa- 
gation and grafting over will be deferred to the chapters devoted 
to them, and this will also give opportunity to describe methods 
especially adapted to these fruits. 
