General Suggestions. 109 
Planting in a Furrow.—A practise which has been largely 
followed in the Sacramento Valley and which attains greatest 
speed and cheapness consists in laying off as described on page 
93, and then proceeding with a heavy listing plow, followed by 
a subsoil plow in the same furrow. The trees are then rapidly 
set with the least digging. This is all done before the field is 
plowed. Plowing immediately follows planting. The advan- 
tages of this method are ease of work on firm ground instead of 
a plowed surface. and escape of injury to this surface by men and 
teams in planting after plowing. 
RANDOM SUGGESTIONS. 
The roots of every tree should be examined before planting. 
All large root ends should have a fresh, clean cut with a sharp 
knife or shears. Make a slanting cut with the cut surface on 
the underside of the root. Where a root is mangled or bruised, 
it should in most cases be cut back to a sound place. 
The tree should be placed if possible with the same side 
toward the sun as was exposed to the sun in the nursery; at all 
events, the wound made by the cutting away of the seedling stock 
above the bud should be at the north or northeast, in order that 
this weak point may be shaded as much as possible from the 
afternoon sun. 
If the roots of the young tree grow more to one side than 
the other, place the strongest roots toward the prevailing wind. 
The use of water to settle the earth around the roots is 
sometimes desirable in sections where the rainfall is light or un- 
certain. Pour in the water after the hand-work in spreading 
the roots and in pressing the soil under and around them has 
been done and the hole partly filled. When the water has soaked 
away, fill the hole with fine earth withvut tramping. In early 
planting in parts of the State where the rainfall is abundant, 
there is no need of the troublesome process of water-settling; 
in late planting, however, it will sometimes be found of advan- 
tage. Puddling the roots, or dipping them in thin mud and 
planting with this mud adhering, is governed by much the same 
conditions as water-settling; it may insure the growth of the tree 
when otherwise it might be seriously injured by drouth. With 
puddled roots especial care should also be taken to leave the 
surface loose to prevent evaporation. In making puddle, use 
loamy soil and never adobe, for in drv time the latter will bake 
around the roots and often kill the tree. 
The Use of Mamure-——Never put manure in the hole with 
the tree. Sometimes the injunction is, Never put anything but 
well-rotted manure in the hole. It is better to put none of any 
kind. Manure should be spread upon the ground after plant- 
