An Lnproved Singletree. 149 
between the upper and lower lialves, and there held by a 
simple clasp, leaving fully one-half extending beyond the ends 
of the wood, and preventing the singletree coming into con- 
tact with anything in passing, as shown in left-hand end of 
the illustration. With very young trees the edge of the traces 
might injure the tender bark, so a little supplementary trace 
is attached to the main trace at right angles, as shown in right- 
California Improved Orchard and Vineyard Singletree. 
hand end of illustration, and passes between the ends of the 
singletree, presenting the flat side of the trace to obstructions, 
in which shape it can not injure in the slightest degree the ten- 
derest bark. The engraving is made with ends unlike to show 
hoth styles of hitching. There are other patented devices for 
preventing injuries to trees and vines which can be seen at the 
stores of dealers in agricultural implements. 
Dispensing with Doubletrees—Still other inventions which 
admit the use of two horses even close up to the trees, because 
they dispense entirely with whiffletrees and tugs, are known as 
the steel harness, Eastern inventions, which have secured the 
approval of some of our leading growers for use in orchard and 
vineyard. The plow is attached to the steel yoke by a chain 
running between the horses. With them it is possible to work 
quite close to the trees and vines, and is especially desirable in 
the vineyard in working close to the vines when they have grown 
out about two feet, which is a difficult job with the old-style 
harness. 
SUMMER TREATMENT OF PLOWED ORCHARD AND VINEYARD. 
Where the orchard or vineyard is plowed twice during the 
winter, the land should remain after the first plowing as the plow 
leaves it. The moistening and aeration during the winter have a 
-good effect upon the soil both chemically and mechanically. 
