Suggestions on Grafting. 291 
aiterwards. Another common method is to split the stump 
across its center and insert one or two grafts, as shown in the 
figure. If two are used and both grow, the weakly one is after- 
ward suppressed. In this cross cleft graft some grafters rely 
upon the stock to hold the scion without tying, and daub it over 
with the clay mixture, care being taken to fill and cover the split 
in the stock to exclude water. Others put a ligature around 
the split stump, as shown in the engraving. Strips of cotton 
cloth answer well for this purpose. Tying offers better security 
from knocking out the graft with the cultivator. 
In grafting into very tough old stumps, some growers leave 
a slim wedge of wood in the cleft with the scion to prevent the 
stock from closing too forcibly upon the scion. 
Side Grafting —-Sidé grafting the vine is commended by 
some growers. It consists in inserting a graft by a cut into the 
side of the stock, the method being essentially the same as that 
employed with fruit trees, as described in Chapter IX, except that 
in side grafting the vine the top is not amputated, but is allowed 
to bear its crop and is then removed the following winter. The 
next summer the scion will bear a crop, and the vine is worked 
over without cessation in its bearing. 
Herbaceous Grafting —This term is applied to a graft in 
which the scion of the current season’s growth is set by a cleft 
graft into canes also of the current season’s growth, while both 
scion and cane are elastic, but not too soft. The method has 
not been usually successful in this State, apparently because of 
the dryness of the summer air. 
Carz of Scions— Scions should be kept cool and moist 
enough to prevent drying but not wet enough to cause decay, 
as has already been described in the keeping of cuttings. 
Time of Grarting.—Grafting is done in February, March, 
and April in different parts of the State, March being the month 
usually chosen for the work. If a spring graft fails, the stump 
may be regraited in August or in the following spring. In re- 
grafting, the stump is cut off again below the previous cleft. 
The time for the work is when the sap has ceased flowing, usu- 
ally from the first to the tenth of August. 
The recourse to resistant roots to escape the phylloxera has 
been attended with some disappointment because the wild roots 
at first widely used proved only partially resistant. Recently, 
in the main through employment of French selected varieties of 
the American wild species, stocks with satisfactory resistance, 
larger growth and vigor and adaptation to different California 
soils have been secured. Notable success has been attained in 
the habilitation of vineyards on the basis of resistant roots. The 
University Experiment Station, at Berkeley, has maintained 
leadership in this direction by publication of information and by 
