204 Laying Out Vineyard. 
the wood to be operated on, and in the fact that the graft must 
be set migner up because it is not desirable to have the scion 
strike roots of its own, for the obvious reason that depending on 
such roots would make the vine no longer resistant. The ad- 
vantage of covering the graft with earth is, however, still to be 
enjoyed, for the earth can be raised in a little mound around the 
graft, to be removed when the graft has taken well. For this 
reason grafting on resistant roots is usually done at or near the 
surface of the ground. 
The common cleft graft is used when the stock is large 
enough to give a split strong enough to hold in the scion. In 
grafting smaller stocks the whip graft is used, as shown in the 
accompanying engraving, which represents the stock, the scion, 
and the two alter insertion and tying, with the dotted line to 
show the mound of earth made to keep the graft from drying 
out. This graft is variously treated. It is covered with clay 
by some, by others with grafting wax; but the common experi- 
ence is that graiting wax makes too tight a joint, and holds in 
surplus sap, which begets disease. The use of a wax band spe- 
cially adapted to ruling conditions has proved very successful, 
but the easiest and usually most satisfactory way is to wind with 
soft twine or raffia which will decay and loosen as the graft en- 
larges. ; 
LAYING OUT THE VINEYARD. 
Vines are planted in rectangles, generally in squares, but 
sometimes at a less distance in the rows than the rows are from 
each other. The stakes which are to represent the future vines 
are in either case placed by the same methods of measuring or 
marking off. All the methods described for clearing and pre- 
paring lands, in Chapter VII, and for laying off ground in 
squares, described in Chapter X, are applicable to vineyard 
ground. The measuring wire therein described is the means 
usually emploved for laying off. A special contrivance which 
has been used to some extent on level ground is thus described: 
The marker most in use is made in the form of a sled, sixteen, fourteen, 
or twelve feet long, with three runners so placed as to mark rows eight, 
seven, or six feet wide. These runners should be made about three feet 
long, of some hard wood (Oregon pine will do), two inches thick and firmly 
nailed to two planks placed upon them of the lengths first above named. 
Upon these should be bolted two strong pieces of joist in the form of wagon 
hounds projecting in front far enough to receive a stout pole like a wagon- 
tongue, well braced and fastened with an iron rod. Care must be taken 
that the motion of the machine is steady and true in all its parts. With a 
well-made marker, a gentle team, and a careful driver, excellent work may 
be done. 
Distance of Planting —There is as much difference of opin- 
ion and practise in fixing the distance between vines as between 
orchard trees, but usually more room is given than formerly. 
