Laying Out Vineyard. 295 
Planted in squares, the distance varies from seven to ten feet, 
with eight feet as most prevalent, taking the State as a whole. 
Planting in rows is also adopted to some extent. Such plan- 
tations are made with the vines seven by ten or eight by ten 
feet, four and one-half by eleven feet, etc. There is great vari- 
ation in the distances. Some advantages of the row system 
are as follows: Greater space to spread trays for raisin curing; 
plowing can be done with double team and larger plows; the 
brush can be gathered and burned between the rows instead of 
carrying it to the avenues; sulphur and materials for spraying 
can be brought in by team to any part of the vineyard; empty 
boxes can be distributed and filled ones gathered up without 
carrying, etc. Planting in rows recommends itself not only for 
planting new vineyards, but also for changing old vineyards 
from seven by seven feet to three and one-half by fourteen feet, 
or from eight by eight feet to four by sixteen feet, giving op- 
portunity to change from a wiifera-root vineyard to a resistant- 
root vineyard. This can be accomplished by planting resistant 
roots in the alternate rows to be preserved, right between the 
two old vines. 
Number of Vines to the Acre-—However the vines be set, it 
is very easy to calculate the number of vines which an acre will 
accommodate. Multiply the distance in feet between the rows 
by the distance the plants are apart in the rows, and the product 
will be the number of square feet for each plant; which, divided 
into the number of feet in an acre (forty-three thousand five 
hundred and sixty), will give the number of plants to the acre. 
Avenues in the Fineyard-——For convenience of access with 
team and wagon there should always be avenues through the 
vineyard. They are usually arranged so as to cut up the vine- 
yard into blocks about twice as long as broad, if the vineyard 
be on level land. Of course, on hilly lands the avenues should 
be located for ease of banling. The avenue is made by leaving 
out a row of vines, and, therefore, the exact size of the block will 
depend upon the distance between the rows. Some advise hav- 
ing not more than forty vines between the avenues. Planting 
in rows, with wide spaces between the rows, renders fewer ave- 
nules necessary. 
PLANTING CUTTINGS AND ROOTED VINES. 
Various means are used for planting cuttings. An essential 
condition to successful growth is to have the lower part of the 
cutting well embedded in the soil, as it will not root unless in 
close contact with the earth. To lack of care in this regard 
most failures are due, and for lack of surety that such contact is 
made the various contrivances for speedy planting, such as 
the planting bar, are widely condemned; an excavation of the 
