A Renewal System. 303 
Emperor, and Sabalskanski. There are also a number of wine 
varieties which must be pruned long. Long pruning admits of 
degrees, but it usually signifies using a five or six instead of a 
four-ioot stake and leaving the selected canes from eighteen 
inches to three feet or longer instead of cutting back to two or 
three buds, as in short pruning. ‘These long canes are securely 
tied to the long stakes. 
With varieties needing long pruning the first two or three 
buds next the old wood do not bear fruit, hence the need of 
Icaving buds farther removed from the old wood to secure it. 
This habit of the vine invites the practise of growing a long cane 
for fruit and at the same time providing for wood growth for the 
following year’s fruiting by cutting another cane from the same 
An Instance of Long Pruning. 
spur down to two or three buds. By this practise the wood which 
has borne the fruit is cut back to a bud each winter and the cane 
which has grown only wood is pruned long for the fruit of the 
following summer. -A modification of the practise is to prune the 
canes from some of the spurs long, and from other spurs short, 
thus making the spurs alternate from wood bearing to fruit bear- 
ing from year to year. Sometimes instead of using a long stake 
the long cane is brought over the top of the vine and lashed to 
the trunk on the other side; or two or more canes are thus 
brought over from side to side and tied securely at their cross- 
ing. The engraving shows one style of long pruning, which 
illustrates the cutting to long and short canes, and will suffi- 
ciently indicate the system. The number of long canes to be 
left to the vine depends on its vigor, and this can only be learned 
by experience. 
Grape varieties which do not succeed with short-spur prun- 
ing are generally grown on long stakes, as stated, but use of the 
