fungicides. 457 
duces swellings and contortions of the leaf; the scab of the apple 
and pear produces first a smoky appearance on the leaf and after- 
wards causes black scabby patches on the fruit and on the young 
twigs; the shot-hole fungus of the apricot, plum, cherry, and 
almond cuts roundish holes in the leaves as though a shotgun 
had been discharged through the foliage, and then, in the case 
of the apricot, produces roundish, dark red pustules on the fruit; 
the rust fungi of the prune, blackberry, etc., produce eruptions 
on the under sides oi the leaves, first of a yellowish or orange 
color, changing to dark brown or black, and causing the leaf to 
fall. These fungi are only slightly, if at all, checked by the dry 
sulphur treatment, and are hest subdued by the use of copper 
solutions :— 
The Bordeaux Mixture—Lime, four pounds: bluestone (sulphate of 
copper), four pounds; water, forty gallons. Use part of the water to 
slake the lime and dissolve the bluestone, which should be done in sepa- 
rate vessels. The bluestone should not be put in a metal vessel. If 
put into a bag and suspended near the surface of the water, it will dis- 
solve more readily, or hot water may be used in making the solution. 
Both should be cold when mixed, and the resultant mixture will be a 
beautiful blue wash. If mixed hot, a black compound (copper oxide) 
is produced, which reduces the value of the wash. After thorough mix- 
ing of the solutions, water should be added to bring the bulk up to 
forty gallons. 
This is safe to use on foliage. It may be used much stronger when 
trees are dormant,—as strong as ten pounds of lime and ten pounds 
of bluestone to forty gallons of water to kill spores of fungi on the 
bark. This is a successful preventive of curl-leaf on the peach, shot- 
hole on the apricot, scab on the apple and pear, rust on the prune, etc. 
Tt should be followed by the weaker Bordeaux in the summer, as early as 
indications of the diseases may appear. In spraying for apple and pear 
scab, the addition of one pound of Paris green to each one hundred 
and fifty gallons of the Bordeaux Mixture makes the application answer 
also for the codlin moth. 
Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate—Copper carbonate, four ounces; am- 
monia, forty ounces; water forty gallons. When it is desirable to use a 
fungicide on fruit near the picking season, or on ornamental plants, 
which would be disfigured with the lime wash, the ammoniacal copper 
carbonate may be substituted for the Bordeanx Mixture. 
The usual way of making this wash is to dissolve copper carbonate 
in ammonia, and then dilute. If the carbonate is not fully dissolved 
before the water is added, it can not be further dissolved, and not only 
is the carbonate wasted, but the fluid will not be up to standard strength. 
It is well, therefore, to give. the ammonia ample time to act, say over- 
night, before adding the water. 
It is cheaper to make copper carbonate as follows: Bluestone, six 
ounces; sal-soda, eight ounces; ammonia, forty ounces; water, forty 
gallons. Dissolve the bluestone and sal-soda separately in small quanti- 
ties of hot water, the former in a wooden or earthenware vessel. After 
cooling, mix and dissolve the copper carbonate thus produced in the 
ammonia and add the remainder of the water to make forty gallons. 
Lime, Salt and Sulphur—This mixture, already prescribed for scale 
insects in the preceding chapter, is an active fungicide for winter use. 
It is a very satisfactory curl-leal preventive in the interior valleys. 
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