MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, 233 
conclude it to have been the most recently dismembered 
island. 
“The Philippine Islands agree in many respects with 
Asia and the other islands, but present some anomalies 
to indicate that they were separated at an earlier period, 
and have since been subject to many revolutions in their 
physical geography. 
“Turning our attention now to the remaining portion 
of the Archipelago, we shall find that all the islands, 
from Celebes to Lombock eastward, exhibit almost as 
close a resemblance to Australia and New Guinea as the 
Western Islands do to Asia. It is well known that the 
natural productions of Australia differ from those of Asia 
more than those of any of the four ancient quarters of 
the world differ from each other. Australia, in fact, 
stands alone ; it possesses no apes or monkeys, no cats 
or tigers, wolves, bears, or hyenas, no deer or antelopes, 
sheep or oxen, no elephant, horse, squirrel or rabbit ; 
none, in short, of those familiar types of quadruped 
which are met with in every other part of the world. 
Instead of these, it has Marsupials only, kangaroos and 
opossums, wombats and the duck-billed platypus. In 
birds it is almost as peculiar. It has no woodpeckers 
and no pheasants, families which exist in every 
other part of the world; but instead of them it has 
the mound-making brush-turkeys, the honeysuckers, the 
cockatoos, and the brush-tongued lories, which are found 
nowhere else upon the globe. All these striking pecu- 
liarities are found also in those islands which form the 
Austro-Malayan division of the Archipelago. 
“ The great contrast between the two divisions of the 
Archipelago is nowhere so abruptly exhibited as on 
