FREE WILL. 299 
animal. Who can question that some canine races, of 
which the descent from stupid jackals and wolves is as 
good as certain, have raised themselves mentally far above 
their ancestry ? Who, that has read the comprehensive 
investigations of H. Miiller, the brother of our Fritz 
Miiller, can doubt that the honey-bee, as it gradually 
attained its bodily advantages and peculiarities, de- 
veloped likewise the higher mental powers, correspond- 
ing with the more minute and complex organism of her 
brain? Man—such is the thesis we propound, reserving 
the question of language—differs from many animals 
only in the degree and means of progress. It is there- 
fore unscientific to contrast humanity and animality in 
the abstract. 
Man alone, it is further maintained, has a free will. 
In so far as the more highly developed man acts in 
accordance with philosophical, moral and _ religious 
principles, for which he is indebted to education and 
instruction—in so far as he is able to apprehend ideals, 
and strive after them with his own mental and bodily 
power, this command of will may be readily admitted, 
although we know that this “freedom ” is likewise the 
collective result of natural causes. But the more simple 
and uniform the conditions of life, the more do the 
dealings of men lose the semblance and character of 
freedom, and the more does the individual act after the 
will of the tribe—I might say, of the herd—that is to say, 
instinctively. In this case actions are not performed 
even with the astounding premeditation with which 
some few happily organized individual animals of some 
few species turn the circumstances to account with 
apparently complete free will. The free will of the 
