REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS, 317 
with his rich experience is also distinctly and concisely enunciated 
by Lamarck in the Philosophie Zoologique :-— 
“Silon considére, d’une part, que dans tout ce que la nature opére 
elle ne fait rien brusquement, et que partout elle agit avec lenteur 
et par dégrés successifs, et de ’autre part que les causes particu- 
ligres ou locales des désordres, des bouleversemens, des déplace- 
mens, etc., peuvent rendre raison de tout ce que J’on observe & la 
surface de notre globe, et sont néanmoins assujetties 4 ses lois et 
asa marche générale, on reconnaitra qu’il n’est nullement nécessaire 
de supposer qu’une catastrophe universelle est venue culbuter et 
détruire une grande partie des opérations mémes de lanature.” I. 80, 
3? Principles of Geology. 
38 In 1870, as well as in 1872, the majority in the French 
Academy bore this testimony to Darwin. Theé reiterated proposal 
of electing him a member was certainly not rejected until such 
men as Milne-Edwards and Quatrefages had made the stand- 
point clear to the scientific judges. 
89 Origin of Species. Fifth Ed. 1872. 
The other works cited are, “The Variation of Animals and 
Plants under Domestication,” 1868 ; “The Descent of Man and 
Sexual Selection,” 2nd ed., 1871; “ Expression of the Emotions in 
Man and Animals,” 1872. 
4° Malthus (1798) investigated the conditions of the increase and 
decrease of human population. He finds that the rise in popula- 
tion is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, and that 
the growth increases in proportion to the means of subsistence, 
setting aside some special impediments easily discovered. These 
impediments, which always keep the population below the amount 
warranted by the means of subsistence, are moral restraint, crime, 
and misfortune. Malthus depicts the struggle for existence without 
pronouncing the word; he demonstrates that the dreams of a 
future blissful equality of all mankind on the earth transformed 
into a vast garden, are based upon delusions. Each individual 
must much rather labour indefatigably to ameliorate his position. 
By the experience of breeders and gardeners he knows that 
animals and plants may be improved and ennobled. No organic 
ennoblement of the human race as a whole is perceptible, nor can 
the human race be ennobled save by condemning the less perfect 
individuals to celibacy. 
