114 Veterinary Medicine. 



to become localized on mucous surfaces, and the genus of animals 

 that prove its victims. A better designation is still desirable and 

 may perhaps be reached, when the pathogenic microbe shall be 

 demonstrated beyond question. 



Historic Notes. Among catarrhal fevers and epizootics of early 

 times it is impossible to distinguish this from widespread nasal 

 and bronchial catarrhs, and from contagious pneumonia (brust- 

 seuche), yet when the epizootic attained a sudden and wide 

 extension without any direct climatic cause, the presumption is in 

 favor of the disease now before us. Hints are obtained from Titus 

 Livius of a Sicilian equine epizootic of this kind 412 B. C. This 

 is corroborated by an account by Hippocrates of a similar out- 

 break in Greece. I,ater, Virgil (Georgics), Columella, Absyrtus 

 and Vegetius give similar hints. In 1299 in Seville horses suf- 

 fered with drooping head, watery eyes, beating flanks and ano- 

 rexia and 1000 died (I/aurentius Rusius). The horses of the 

 French Army in Germany suffered severely in 1648 (SoUeysel), 

 horses in England in 1688 (Short, Rutty), again in 1693 (Web- 

 ster, Short, Foster) and again in 1699 (Webster). In 1712 

 horses suffered extensively in Europe (Ivancisi, Kanold) and in 

 1727-8 in England and Ireland (Rutty), in 1732-3 (Arbuthnot, 

 Gibson) and again in 1736-7 (Short). Other such equine epi- 

 zootics are recorded for Europe in 1729 (Low), for Ireland in 

 1746 and 1750-1 (Rutty, Osmer), for Europe and the British 

 Isles in 1760 (Bieset, Rutty, Webster), and again in 1762 (Rutty, 

 Webster) and 1767 (Forster), also in America (Webster), in 

 Europe in 1776 (Fothergill etc.), in Europe and Asia in 1780-2 

 (Gluge), in England in 1798 (Wilkinson, White), in Europe and 

 England in 1814-15 (Heusinger, Wilkinson, Youatt), in England 

 in 1819, 1823 (Field) and 1827 (Brown), in Europe in 1833 

 (Prinz, Wilkinson, Hayes, Spooner), 1834 (Hensinger), 1835-6 

 (Prinz, Friedberger), 1840, 1846, 1851, 1852, 1862, 1870, 1873, 

 1881, 1883, 1890, 1891, 1892 (Friedberger). 



In the United States as in Europe the affection has in the main 

 smoldered in the large cities in ordinary years, to break out with- 

 out obvious cause, in given years into an advancing epizootic 

 which sweeps the whole continent. Such were the great out- 

 breaks in Europe in 1881 to 1883, and i" America in 1872-3, and 

 1900 to 1 90 1. The great recrudescence of the disease in North 



