Glanders. 231 



involving lymphatics, fever, 1.5° to 2.5 F. and upward above normal, at loth 

 to i8th hour, lasting two days. Lesions : cell proliferation in nests in 

 fibrous stroma, pea upward, central degeneration, fatty debris, ulcer or ab- 

 scess, hyperplasia of lymph vessels, on nasal mucosa like sand-grains, peas, 

 patches, centre grayish or yellowish, blood extravasation, necrotic degenera- 

 tion, ulcer with ragged edges ; fibroid degeneration — cicatricial lesion ; 

 lesions in guttural pouch or tube, larynx, trachea, bronchia ; lungs — peri- 

 bronchial, lobular or interlobular inflammation, cell proliferation in foci, 

 degeneration — nodules — and caseation ; skin, — -cell proliferation, degenera- 

 tion, rupture, fibroid hyperplasia of lymphatics, exudates in connective tissue ; 

 dependent lymph glands congested, hypertrophied, cell proliferation, case- 

 ation ; lesions in pharynx, spleen, kidney, heart, brain, testicle, scrotum, 

 mammae, vagina, uterus, joints, bones ; bone fragility. Glanders in swine, 

 sheep, goat, rodent, dog, cat. 



Synonyms. Malleus, Equinia, Farcy. 



Definition. An acute infectious disease caused by the bacillus 

 mallei, which tends to localize itself in the lymphatic glands and 

 plexuses, especially of the no,se and upper air passages but also 

 in other parts of the body, where it produces a progressive hyper- 

 plasia, with a strong tendency to degeneration, necrosis, and 

 liquefaction. It occurs casually in horses, asses, mules and other 

 solipeds, and is communicable to man and all domestic animals 

 except the bovine races, chickens, and, under ordinary circum- 

 stances, swine. 



Geographical Distribution. Glanders (Malis) appears to have 

 prevailed in asses in Greece as noted by Aristotle. Its contagious 

 prevalence in horses is recorded by Ab.syrtus in the time of Con- 

 .stantine, and again by Vegetius Renatus in 381 A.D. At the 

 present time its existence is almost coextensive with the equine 

 family, but its prevalence is in a direct ratio with the facilities for 

 the infection of fresh subjects. In the central countries of 

 Europe where the equine population is greatest and where there 

 is the most extensive trade and movement among horses it se- 

 cures the greatest relative number of victims. War with its con- 

 stant opportunities for infection, in crowded cavalry and artillery 

 stables and the successive changing of place, tends greatly to en- 

 hance its ravages. Thus in the German army it rose from 966 to 

 2058 per 100,000 per annum in the year of the Franco-German 

 war ; in Spain it was practically unknown until the Napoleonic 

 war in the Peninsula, but after this it proved a veritable scourge ; 

 in Hindostan it was hardly known until the Sepoy rebellion yet 



