32 Causes and Indication. 



it is too late, and it may as well be left for 

 ornament. 



A wet cold bottom affects seriously the 

 health of young trees, and the result is often 

 a binding of the bark. Frosts, too, often have 

 the same effect. It is apparent by the 

 feebleness of the new branches and the stunted 

 growth, and by a tight look about the bark. 

 The bark is strained and has often a polished 

 appearance, and the longitudinal fissures or 

 clefts seen upon active bark are not present. 

 These fissures are due to the expansion of 

 the bark by growth of wood, and the presence 

 of these is a sure sign of growth. Those 

 trees, too, like the planes and maples which 

 show health by flaking or scaling of 

 the bark, cease to scale when in this 

 condition. 



Look, for example, at the Oriental and 

 Western planes in the autumn, how apparent 

 this scaling is, how yellow and green the 

 blotched surface is when the trees are in 

 health, and how gnarled and compressed 

 the epidermis is when the trees become hide- 

 bound. 



