vonieuis xv 



CHAP. piGE 



VI. cont. C. The sab-formation ol Marls and Calcareous sand- 

 stones ..... . Isl 



Ash-oakwood association . . 181 



Scmb and grassland associations . 186 



VII, Aquatic Vegetation .... . 187 



The Freshwater aquatic foimation . . . 188 



A. The sub-formation of foul waters . . 188 



B. The sub-formation of waters rich in mineral salts 190 



C. The sub-formation of waters poor in mineral salts 192 



D. The sub-formation of quickly-flowing streams . 194 

 The British Freshwater Phyto-plankton, by Prof. 



G. S. West .... . . 196 



Vm. The Maesh Fobhation . . 204 



Alder-willow association . 205 



Herbaceous marsh association . . 207 



IX. The Vegetation" of Peat ant) Peatt Soils — Hook. Fes an"d 



Heath ... .... 208 



X. The PiiTEP. Valleys of EastXobfolk: their aquatic axd 



Fes F0B3IATI0SS, BY M.ARIETTA PaLUS . . 214 



The Eiver Vailevs . . 216 



Origin of the Broads . . 219 



The Aquatic formation . 223 



The Fen foi-mation 229 



Fen association . . 230 



Sphagneta . . 234 



Carr association ... 236 



Other associations . . 242 



Genetic relations of associations 245 



XI. The Moor Forilitiox — Lowlas-d Moor,- . .246 



The Transition from Fen to Moor . . . 246 

 The Lowland Moors (" Mosses ") of Lonsdale (Xorth 

 Lancashire) and their Development from Fens, 



by W. Munn Eankin . . . 247 



1. Estuarine Moors . . 248 



The present vegetation . 248 



Stratification of the Peat . . 252 



2. Lacustrine Moors . . . 256 



Stratification of the Peat 256 



The Valley Moors of the Xew Forest, by W. Munn 



Eankin 259 



The Lowland Moors of Connemara (West Ireland) . 264 



