PAPAVERACEAE 71 



the manner of their kind and sucking nectar legitimately, but the proboscis in these 

 forms is much too slender to be able to effect pollination. 



Hoffer observed — in Steiermark — Bombus mastrucatus Gerst. 5, biting through 

 the spur, and stealing nectar. 



154. C. intermedia P. M. E. ( = C. fabacea Pers.). (Warnstorf, Verb, bot. Ver., 

 Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) — The flowers are of a dirty purple colour, and arranged 

 in inconspicuous three- or four-fiowered racemes. Their mechanism is the same 

 as that of the last species. The spur is about 9 mm. long. As insect-visits are 

 few when the plant is in bloom, and the flowers are frequently broken, there could 

 be only a small production of fruit and seeds were it entirely dependent on cross- 

 pollination. But — so far as Warnstorf was able to observe — each flower sets well- 

 developed fruit, so that the plant must be autogamous should insect visits fail. 

 Kerner confirms the self-fertihty of this species. The pollen is whitish, or yellowish 

 in quantity ; the grains are spheroido-tetrahedral, and 37 /x in diameter. 



155. C. solida Sm. (=C. digitata Pers.). (Hildebrand, op. cit.; Herm. Muller, 

 'Fertilisation,' pp. 98-9; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 280; MacLeod, Bot. 

 Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 187-8; Warnstorf, Verb. bot. Ver., Berlin, 

 xxxviii, 1896; Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') — The flowers agree in structure 

 with those of C. cava, but the spur is sometimes rather shorter. 



The bright violet flowers are arranged in many-flowered racemes, being therefore 

 very conspicuous. The two lateral petals which form the hood are — according to 

 Warnstorf — beset with large forked papillae at the place of fusion, and also along 

 the whole keel. These increase the friction, and are supposed to prevent the insect's 

 feet from slipping so much as they would otherwise do. Hildebrand also states that 

 this species is self- sterile. 



Visitors.— The normal visitor and pollinator is again Anthophora pilipes ; here 

 too Bombus terrester and Apis mellifica get at the nectar by making perforations ; 

 while — as in C. cava — the species of Bombylius suck nectar legitimately without 

 benefiting the flower. Loew also observed — in the Berlin Botanic Garden — Antho- 

 phora and Apis. 



156. C. nobilis Pers. — Hildebrand says that this species resembles C. cava 

 as regards the mode of pollination. 



157. C. capnoides Pers. — According to Hildebrand, this has a similar flower 

 mechanism, but the form of the outer petals is somewhat different, especially that 

 of the upper petal, the spur of which is curved inwards upon the peduncle. Kerner 

 asserts the species to be self-fertile. 



Visitors. — Loew — in the Berlin Botanic Garden — noticed the honey-bee, skg. 



158. C. ochroleuca Koch. (Hildebrand, op. cit.) — This species is distinguished 

 from the preceding ones in which the hood springs up after the weight of the 

 visiting insect has been removed, by the fact that when this structure has once 

 been displaced it does not return to its original position, but remains inclined down- 

 wards, while the stamens and pistil — just as in Medicago sativa — give a jerk like 

 a liberated spring, and conceal themselves in an excavation of the upper petal. 

 It follows that each flower can only once be visited so as to affect the stamens 

 and stigma. The visiting bee dusts its under-surface with pollen from the stigma. 



