84 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



the calyx, of which the upper part is purple in colour. The plant is apparently 

 biennial (see Abromeit, 'Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski's Gronlandsexped.,' pp. 27-8). 



184. A. paucifLora Garcke (=A. brassicaeformis Wallr., Brassica alpina Z.). 

 (Schulz, ' Beitrage,' II, p. 11.) — The white flowers are homogamous. At the base of 

 each short stamen there is a ridge-like nectary, and at the base of each pair of long 

 stamens a small projection. Very little nectar is secreted. The nectaries vary greatly 

 in form. The stigma is usually at the same level as, and in contact with, the bases 

 of the anthers of the long stamens, and therefore automatic self-pollination is inevitable. 

 In favourable weather these anthers turn towards the short stamens, so that insect 

 visitors may effect cross-pollination. 



Visitors. — Schulz — in Thuringia — only observed Physopoda and flower-beetles 

 (Meligethes). 



185. A. petraea (L.) Lam. — Ekstam says that the flowers of Nova Zemlian 

 plants exhale a moderately strong odour of almonds, and are homogamous. Self- 

 pollination is easy. 



Visitors. — Ekstam observed a moderate-sized fly in Nova Zemlia. 



186. A. hirsuta Scop. (Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' p. 102.) — The white 

 flowers are homogamous. Nectar is secreted only by the two nectaries inside 

 the bases of the short stamens. In most flowers the long stamens project beyond 

 the stigma, and therefore autogamy results from the fall of pollen if insect-visits 

 fail. More rarely the anthers of the long stamens are at the level of the stigma, 

 so that automatic self-pollination in effected by direct contact. Warnstorf (Verb. bot. 

 Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896) says that the flowers are protogynous, and that the 

 stigma — which matures before the flowers open — projects somewhat bej-ond the 

 stamens. 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller observed the following. — 



A. Diptera. Syrphidae: i. Syritta pipiens Z., skg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) 



Apidae : 2. Andrena albicrus K. S, skg. ; 3. Apis mellifica Z. 5, skg. ; 4. Halictus 

 sexnotatus K. 5, po-cltg. {b) Sphegidae: 5. Ammophila sabulosa Z., skg. C. Lepi- 

 doptera. Bombyces : 6. Euchelia jacobaeae Z., skg. 



In Dumfriesshire (Scott-Elliot, 'Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 12) one of the 

 Empidae, 2 Muscidae, and 2 hover-flies have been recorded. 



187. A. arenosa Scop. — Flowers lilac, or more rarely white. 



Visitors. — Buddeberg in Nassau observed a butterfly (Thecla rubi Z., skg.), 

 and the following sliort-tongued Apidae. — 



I. Andrena albicans Mull. 5, skg. ; 2. A. cineraria Z. 5, po-cltg. ; 3. A. cingulata 

 F. % and S, skg. ; 4. A. nigroaenea K. 5, skg. ; 5. A. parvula K. j, freq., skg. and 

 po-cltg. (1 2 individuals) ; 6. Halictus calceatus Scop. 5, skg. and po-cltg. ; 7. H. flavipes 

 K. 5, skg.; 8. H. leucopus K. }, skg. and po-cltg.; 9. H. tetrazonius Klg. (quadri- 

 cinctus K. olim) 5, skg. 



Bail (Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, ix, 1882) records the following for West 

 Prussia. — 



A. Coleoptera. Elaleridae: i. Athius subfuscus Miill. B. Diptera. (a) 

 Syrphidae: 2. Eristalis intricarius Z. ; 3. Melanostoma mellina Z. ; 4. Melithreptus 

 scriptus Z.; and other sp. [b) Muscidae: 5. Lucilia sp. ; 6. Anthomyia sp. C. 



