CRUCIFERAE 85 



Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 7. Apis; 8. Andrena nana K. (b) Tenthredinidae : 

 9. Dolerus vestigialis A7k^. D. Lepidoptera. (a) Noctuidae: 10. Euclidia glyphica 

 L. {b) Rhopalocera: 11. Pieris napiZ. ; 12. Thecla rubi Z. ; 13. Nemeobius lucina 

 Z. £. Hemiptera. Pentatomidae : 14. Eurydema oleraceum Z. 



188. A, Turrita. L.— Flowers white. 



Visitors. — MacLeod observed a short-tongued bee (Halictus cylindricus F. 5) 

 in the Pyrenees. 



189. A. sagittata DC- 

 Visitors. — MacLeod observed a moth (Adela sp.) in the Pyrenees. 



190. A. pumila Jacq. (Schulz, 'Beitrage,' II, pp. 12-13.) — The white flowers 

 are protogynous in the Tyrol. Outside the base of each short stamen there is 

 a crescentic nectary with two projections. The stigma usually matures in the bud, 

 and frequently protrudes between the petals before the flower opens. At the time of 

 anthesis the style almost always projects about i mm. beyond the anthers of the 

 long stamens, and 2-3 mm. beyond those of the short stamens. It is exceptional 

 for the long stamens to reach the level of the stigma. It follows that automatic 

 self-pollination is practically excluded. Insect visitors chiefly effect cross-pollination. 

 Schulz observed gyno-monoecism. 



Visitors. — Schulz saw three small Diptera visiting the flowers in dull weather. 



191. A. bellidifolia Jacq. (Herm. Miiller, ' Alpenblumen,' pp. 144-5.) — The 

 white flowers are protogynous with persistent stigmas. At the base of each short 

 stamen there is a green muriform fleshy nectary secreting abundant nectar ; there 

 is also a little knob outside the base of each long stamen. The anthers of the long 

 stamens are at the same level as the stigma, and in dull weather they remain facing 

 it till they dehisce, and effect self-pollination : but in sunny weather these stamens 

 move outwards away from the stigma, so that an insect visitor may effect cross- 

 pollination. 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller only observed a hover-fly (Eristalis tenax Z.). 



192. A. alpestris Reichb. — 



Visitors. — Hermann Miiller observed the following in the Alps ; the honey-bee, 

 2 butterflies, 2 hover-flies, and 2 Muscidae ('Alpenblumen,' p. 145). 



193. A. caenilea Haenke. (Kerner, ' Nat. Hist. Pl.,'Eng. Ed. i,II, pp. 192, 335 ; 

 Kirchner, 'Beitrage,' p. 20; Schulz, 'Beitrage,' II, p. 13.) — The flowers are at first 

 blue, but afterwards become pale. They are homogamous or slightly protogynous. 

 Outside the bases of the short stamens there are nectaries which are often very 

 insignificant. Others — resembling these but non-secreting — are situated at the bases 

 of the long stamens. The anthers of the long stamens are at the same level as the 

 stigma, to which they approximate in dull weather and at night, and the anthers 

 of the short stamens not infrequently reach the stigma. Automatic self-pollination 

 is therefore inevitable. Kerner asserts that in continuously rainy weather this takes 

 place within the still unopened flowers, which are therefore pseudo-cleistogamous. 



Visitors. — A few flies have been observed. 



194. A. Holboellii Hornem.— The flowers are of considerable size, and 

 Warming describes them as homogamous. The anthers of the long stamens at 



