VIOLARIEAE 137 



i.e.: — I. Andrena albicans Mall. S; 2. A. albicrus K.t,; 3. A. praecox Scop, i; 4. 

 Bombus lapidarius Z. j; 5. B. lucorum Z. 5; 6. B. terrester Z. 5; 7. Osmia rufa L. 

 5 and S; 8. Podalirius acervorum Z. $. 



MacLeod observed Apis, 4 long-tongued bees, 2 short-tongued bees, and 3 

 Lepidoptera in Flanders (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 222). 



Friese records the following bees for Flume (F.), Innsbruck (I.), Mecklenberg 

 (M.), Trieste (T.), and Hungary (H.): — i. Osmia acuticornis Duf. et Per. (=0. 

 dentiventris Mor., and O. hispanica Schmiedekn.) (F., T., H.) ; 2. O. bicolor Schr. 5, 

 skg. (M., sometimes H.); 3. O. cornuta Lir. (I.); 4. O. pilicornis Sm. (T., H., occa- 

 sionally M.) ; 5. O. rufa Z. (M.). 



343. V. hirta L. — Kirchner states that the mechanism of the odourless brightly 

 coloured flowers essentially agrees with that of V. odorata (' Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 318). 

 They are mostly infertile. Schulz observed that the spur was sometimes bitten 

 through by humble-bees. The cleistogamous flowers — according to Kirchner — 

 resemble those of the last species. 



Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains as white, irregularly ellipsoidal, smooth, 

 about 37 ft long and 25-30 p. broad. 



Calloni says that the variety Salvatoriana possesses both chasmogamous and 

 cleistogamous flowers. The former are visited by bees and butterflies (Argynnis). 



344. V. collina Bess. — Kerner says there are cleistogamous flowers in this 

 species. Schulz observed that the spurs of the chasmogamous flowers were sometimes 

 perforated by humble-bees. 



345. V. sylvatica Fr. ( = V. sylvestris Lam., in part). — The mechanism of the 

 odourless flowers is similar to that of the last species, according to Muller (' Fertilisa- 

 tion,' p. 119). The corolla is violet, with a spur 7 mm. long of somewhat darker 

 colour. Kirchner states that the cleistogamous flowers of this species — which were 

 discovered by Corry and Bennett — agree in structure with those of V. odorata, but 

 the tips of the sepals are bent outwards. 



Visitors. — Herm. Muller observed the following, all skg. — A. Hymenoptera. 

 Apidae: i. Bombus agrorum F. 5. B. Diptera. Bambyliidae : 2. Bombylius 

 discolor Mikan. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera : 3. Pieris brassicae Z. ; 4. P. rapae 

 Z. ; 5. P. napi Z. ; 6. Rhodocera rhamni Z. ; 7. Anthocharis cardamines Z. 



346. V. Riviniana Reichb. — The flower mechanism agrees with that of V. 

 sylvatica, but the corolla is larger and of a brighter blue, and the spur is yellowish- 

 white. Kirchner states that there are both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. 



Visitors. — I observed at Kiel a nect-skg. humble-bee — Bombus agrorum F. 5. 



347. V. canina L. (Herm. Muller, 'Fertilisation,' p. 121, ' Weit. Beob.,' II, 

 p. 209; MacLeod, 'Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea,' Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 222-3, Arch, biol., 

 Paris-Bruxelles, vii, 1886; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 320; Knuth, ' Bl. u. 

 Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 33.) — The flower mechanism agrees with that of V. 

 odorata. MacLeod describes the stigma as swollen in the bud, with a wide opening 

 and a small valve ; it subsequently grows in a straight line, and finally bends round 

 into a hook. Failing insect-visits, the flowers are infertile (Darwin). According 

 to Kirchner, the cleistogamous flowers are situated as in V. odorata, but the petals 

 have almost completely disappeared, while the stamens are very small, and only the 



