VIOLARIEAE 143 



Verhoeff observed the following in Norderney and Juist (J). — 



A. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: i. Bombus cognatus Steph. (=B. muscorum 

 /".), one 5, skg. (J.) ; 2. B. lapidarius L. 5, skg. ; 3. B. latreillelus ^. ( = B. subterraneus 

 Z.), 25; 4. B. terrester Z. 2 j, skg., 5 unusual; 5. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. one $, 

 skg. (i5) Vespidae : 6. Odynerus parietum Z. one 5, skg. perforated spurs. B. Lepi- 

 doptera. Pieridae: 7. Pieris brassicae Z. 4 §, one S, skg. 



Friese records Podalirius acervorum Z. for Central Europe. 



Dalla Torre and Schletterer noticed Bombus hortorum Z. S in the Tyrol. 



The second morphological and oecological variety is : 



(0) V. arvensis Murr. The flowers are 8-13 mm. long, and 6-8 mm. broad 

 The petals are small, hardly as long as the calyx, and yellowish-white in colour, 

 though more rarely the upper petals are bluish or violet, and the lower one dark 

 yellow. The nectar guides are more or less reduced. This variety is autogamous 

 and autocarpous. The opening of the spheroidal stigmatic head is turned inwards, 

 enabling pollen-grains to fall into it. The lip-like valve is wanting, so that the 

 proboscis of an insect when being withdrawn may effect self-pollination, which is 

 effective. 



Visitors. — I saw the following insects, all skg., on the small-flowered variety ot 

 the pansy at Kiel : — the honey-bee, Anthophora pilipes F. t, Bombus agrorum F., 

 and a white cabbage-butterfly (Pieris napi Z.). Hermann Miiller observed the 

 following. — 



A. Coleoptera. Niiidulidae: i. Meligethes. B. Diptera. Syrphidae: 2. 

 Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. C. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 3. Apis mellifica Z. 5, skg. ; 

 4. Bombus hortorum Z. 5, skg. ; 5. B. agrorum F. 5, skg. ; 6. B. rajellus K. 5, skg. ; 

 7. Osmia rufa Z. $, skg. on the wing. D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera : 8. Pieris 

 napi Z., skg.; 9. P. rapae Z., skg.; 10. Polyommatus dorilis Hfn., skg. 



Loew noticed the following in Silesia (' Beitrage,' pp. 34-5). — 



A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: i. Diphysis serratulae Pz. 5, skg. B. Lepi- 

 doptera. Rhopalocera : 2. Pieris brassicae Z., skg. 



MacLeod observed a wasp, and a Lepidopterid, in Flanders (Bot. Jaarb. 

 Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1896, p. 220), and — in the Pyrenees — a hover-fly vainly 

 endeavouring to penetrate into the flower (op. cit., iii 1893, p. 398). 



Schneider (Mus. Aarsh., Troms0, 1894) saw B. pratorum Z. 5, and B. terrester 

 Z. 5, on garden plants in arctic Norway. Wittrock noticed only Apis mellifica Z. 

 as a cross-pollinator near Stockholm. 



The third variety is — 



(■y) V.alpestris. (Heim. Miiller, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 156.) The variety is inter- 

 mediate between V. tricolor var. vulgaris and V. calcarata (see p. 139). The 

 flowers are 25-30 mm. long, and 18-22 mm. broad when full grown. The spur 

 is intermediate in length between that of V. tricolor (3-4 mm.) and V. calcarata 

 (13-25 mm.). Should insects visit the flowers, crossing is certain, while automatic 

 self-pollination is usually excluded. 



Visitors. — These are intermediate in character between those of the two other 

 varieties, and include Syrphidae, Apidae, and Lepidoptera. 



Konig (SitzBer. Isis, Dresden, (1891) 1892) calls attention to the fact that the 

 large-flowered variety of the pansy is much more variegated than the small-flowered 



