150 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



Some species, however — Tunica prolifera, Gypsophila — possess so short and 

 wide a tube that the nectar is accessible even to beetles and short-tongued flies. 

 One species (Silene Otites Sm) is mainly anemophilous. Of the ten stamens usually 

 present the five outer ones almost always mature first, and the five inner ones 

 last. Many species are conspicuously protandrous, the stigmatic papillae only 

 developing after the stamens have withered. Homogamy is rare (Tunica prolifera). 

 A few vary from protandry to homogamy. Certain species show different relations 

 in different regions. In addition to the hermaphrodite flowers, many species possess 

 some that are purely female, or may exhibit dioecism — the female flowers being 

 usually a little smaller than the male ones, and these again inferior in size to the 

 hermaphrodite flowers. In hermaphrodite flowers individual stamens are occasionally 

 absent. Many species are gynodioecious (gd.), gynomonoecious (gm.), androdioe- 

 cious (ad.), or andromonoecious (am.), e. g. : — 



Gypsophila repens L. : gd., more rarely gm. (Ludwig) ; 



G. fastigiata Z. : gd. and gm. (Schulz); 



Tunica saxifraga Strop. : gd. (Breitenbach), rarely gm. ; 



T. prolifera Scop. : gd. and gm. (Schulz) ; 



Dianthus Seguierii Vill. : gd., rarely gm. (Schulz) ; 



D. caesius Sm. : gd. (Kirchner) ; 



D. deltoides Z. : gd. (Schulz) ; 



D. Armeria Z. : gd. and gm. (Kirchner) ; 



D. Carthusianorum Z. : gd., rarely gm. (Schulz) ; 



D. atrorubens AIL, D. superbus Z., D. monspessulanus Z., D. sylvestris Wu//.: 

 ditto ; 



Saponaria officinalis Z. : gd., rarely gm. (Schulz); 



S. ocymoides Z.: gd. and gm., rarely ad. and am., also trimonoecious(Hildebrand); 



Vaccaria parviflora Moench: gd., rarely gm. (Schulz); 



Cucubalus baccifer Z. : gd. and gm. (Schulz) ; 



Silene Armeria Z. : gd. (Breitenbach) ; 



S. nutans Z. : gm., gd., am., ad. (Schulz) ; 



S. Otites Svi. : dioecious, rarely ad. (Knuth) ; 



S. inflata Sm. : gm., gd., am., ad. (Schulz, Magnus, Knuth, and others) : 



S. Saxifraga Z. : am. and gm. (Laianne) ; 



S. noctiflora Z. : gm. (MacLeod), gd. and am. (Schulz) ; 



S. dichotoma E^r/i. : gd. (Warming, Kirchner) ; 



Viscaria vulgaris JioeM. : gm., gd., rarelyjad. and am. (Schulz) ; 



Coronaria Flos-cuculi A. Br.: gd., gm., rarely ad. and am. (Schulz); 



C. tomentosa A. Br.: gd., rarely gm. (Schulz); 



Melandrium rubrum Garcke : trioeciou?, rarely gm. or am. (Schulz) ; 



M. album Garcke: dioecious. 



ns. Gypsophila L. 



Flowers protandrous, usually with concealed nectar secreted by a fleshy ring 

 formed by the thickened bases of the filaments. 



373. G. paniculata L. (Herm. Miiller, ' FertiHsation,' pp. 127-8, ' Weit. Beob.,' 

 II, p. 230.) — Numerous blossoms are borne on the same stock, so that, in spite 



