156 



ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



tion is possible, the styles being developed before the outer anthers have lost all 

 their pollen. The corolla is bright red with clearer spots; its diameter is 13 mm., 

 its tube 15 mm. long, and scarcely 2 mm. wide. Besides the hermaphrodite flowers 

 there are some in which one staminal whorl is vestigial, and others again that are 

 purely female, the yellow anthers remaining enclosed in the corolla-tube, and not 

 dehiscing. The plant is therefore gynodioecious and gynomonoecious. 



Visitors. — According to the observations of A. Schulz, these are very infre- 

 quent : he only saw one butterfly (Vanessa urticae). 



384. D. Carthusianorum L. (Sprengel,' Entd.Geh.,' pp. 250-1 ; Herm. Miiller, 

 'Fertilisation,' pp. 126-7, 'Welt. Beob.,' II, p. 230; Schulz, ' Beitrage,' I, p. 5 ; 

 Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 36-7, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') — The 

 mechanism of the protandrous diurnal hawk-moth flowers agrees with that of D. 

 deltoides. There are female flowers in addition to the hermaphrodite ones. The 

 plant is gynodioecious, more rarely gynomonoecious. 



Fig. 48. Dianthtis Carthusianormn , L. (Natural size, after removal of calyx and three of the 

 petals. From nature, semi-diagrammatic.) (l) a, two stamens of the outer whorl, one with pollen, 

 the other dehisced and empty ; a', two stamens of different leng;ths belonging to the inner whorl ; .r, stigma 

 (undeveloped) ; <:, two petals ; ?z, nectaries. (2) n, two withered stamens of the outer whorl : a', two 



mature stamens of the inner whorl ; j, c, 7Z, as in (l). (jl) a, a\ withered stamens of the outer and 



inner whorls respectively; j, mature stigmas ; c, k, as in (i). (4) Variety with vestigial stamens. 



(=;) Flower in the first (male) condition, seen from above. (6) Flower in the second (female) condition, 

 seen from above. 



Warnstorf (Verb. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxvii, 1895) found both large and small 

 flowers at Ruppin. The former are androdynamous-protandrous. At the time when 

 the pollen is mature the lilac anthers project far beyond the style. Pollen-grains 

 large, rounded, covered with a delicate net-work of tubercules, 44-50 /x in diameter. 

 The small flowers are imperfectly hermaphrodite. At the time when the stigma 

 is mature the stamens are much shorter than the style. The yellowish anthers 

 are smaller ; their pollen-grains are polyhedral and papillose, with a maximum 

 diameter of 31 /i. 



Visitors. — On the North Frisian Islands I saw Lepidoptera, and — as unbidden 

 guests — small bees, as well as various flies, beetles, and grasshoppers. 



