158 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



p. 18) from garden specimens. The calyx is 16 mm. in length, and only 2^-3 mm. 

 wide. It closely ensheaths the claws of the white petals, which project about 9 mm. 

 beyond it. The stamens and carpels develop in the usual order. 



Visitors. — The deeply seated nectar, and the white colour of the corolla, 

 suggest that the flowers are pollinated by nocturnal hawk-moths. 



390. D. monspessulanus L. — According to Schulz ('Beitrage,' II, p. 23) the 

 nectar is placed at a depth of 14-25 mm. in the flesh-coloured or white Lepidopterid 

 flowers, of which the diameter varies between 25 and 35 mm. The order of develop- 

 ment of stamens and carpels is the same as in other species. Near Bozen Schulz 

 also observed female flowers, with a minimum diameter of 8 mm. 



Visitors. — -Macroglossa steliatarum L., which possesses a proboscis 25-28 mm. 

 long, that can easily reach all the nectar, was observed by A. Schulz at Bozen, 

 and also by G. E. Mattei ('I lepidotteri e la dicogamia,' 1888, p. 16). MacLeod 

 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 377) did not see any normal visitors 

 in the Pyrenees, but only a flower-beetle. 



391. D. Caryophyllus L. — According to Darwin, this species is self-sterile. 



392. D. neglectus Loisel. — Kerner says that the flowers of this species are 

 protandrous, though later on automatic self-pollination is possible. The flowers 

 are open in the morning, and between 6 and 7 o'clock in the evening. 



393. D. glacialisL. — According to Kerner, the flowers are at first protandrous, 

 but automatic self-pollination may afterwards take place. The plant is also 

 gynodioecious. 



394. D. caesius Sm. — Kirchner ('Beitrage,' pp. 17-18) states that the 

 mechanism of the rose-coloured flowers — which smell strongly of cloves — agrees 

 with that of D. sylvestris. Besides the protandrous hermaphrodite flowers, some 

 stocks — at Uberlingen — also bear female flowers of the same size. 



395. D. Seguierii Vill. — Besides the protandrous hermaphrodite flowers, Schulz 

 observed female ones, which were either borne on the same plants as the former 

 or on different ones. 



396. D. plumarius L. (Knuth, ' Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' 

 P- 231-)— 



Visitors. — I observed Bombus hortorum Z., skg., in the gardens on the island 

 of Fohr. 



118. Saponaria L. 



Markedly protandrous Lepidopterid flowers. The petals narrow abruptly into 

 long-winged claws. The somewhat ventricose calyx — which is not surrounded by 

 bracts — holds these together to form a long tube in which the nectar is concealed, 

 and which is prolonged upwards by a corona consisting of bifid ligules. There 

 may be gynomonoecism and gynodioecism. 



397. S. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ' Entd. Geh.,' p. 248; Herm. Miiller, 

 ' Fertilisation,' pp. 128-9, ' Weit. Beob.,' II, p. 232 ; MacLeod, 'Pyreneenbl.,' p. loi, 

 Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 151-3; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' 

 p. 246 ; Knuth, ' Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nprdfr. Ins.,' pp. 37-8, 151 ; Schulz, 'Beitrage,' 



