i66 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



and six p. m. MacLeod states that the protandry is so marked that self-pollination 

 is excluded. The nectar is concealed at a depth of i8 mm. 



In Belgium the plant is gynomonoecious (MacLeod); Wamstorf observed 

 gynodioecism at Ruppin ; and Schulz says that this is the most frequent condition, 

 but that in some places androdioecism and andromonoecism may occur. Schulz 

 now and then observed flowers which had been perforated by bees. The female 

 flowers — which were long since observed by Gartner — are only 12 mm. deep. 

 According to Hansgirg, pseudo-cleistogamous flowers occasionally make their 

 appearance. 



Visitors. — These are probably moths. 



413. S. conica L. — According to Kerner ('Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, II, 

 pp. 336), the flowers are protandrous. The anthers of the outer whorl open first, 

 and after they have fallen off, the mature stigmas spread out. The anthers of the 

 inner whorl now dehisce, and by lengthening of their filaments are brought into 

 contact with the stigmas. These stages in anthesis are passed through in the 

 course of a single day. 



414. S. vespertina Retz. — Kerner states that the flowers of this species 

 open in the evening between seven and eight o'clock. 



415. S. Elisabethae Jan. — According to Loew — who studied garden speci- 

 mens — the flowers of the species belong to class H. They are protandrous. Though 

 the calyx is wide open, and the claws of the petals diverge considerably, the flowers 

 are often perforated by humble-bees. Kerner states that fruits with seeds capable of 

 germinating are rare. 



416. S. Pumilio Wulf. — Flowers of this species perforated by humble-bees were 

 found by Kerner in the Taurn. 



417. S. valesiaca L. — According to Kerner, the flowers of this species open 

 between eight and nine o'clock in the evening. 



418. S. maritima With. — Plants observed by Warming in the AltenQord, bore 

 hermaphrodite flowers which exhibited fairly well-marked protandry, though self- 

 pollination was ultimately possible. According to Gibson (' Flora of St. Kilda '), the 

 plant is probably pollinated by flies in St. Kilda, the outermost island of the Scottish 

 west coast — except Rockall, which is barren — for fruits are occasionally formed, 

 though there are no Lepidoptera, bees, nor wasps. 



419. S. inaperta L. (= S. vilipensa Kunzel). — Batalin states that the flowers 

 of this species are completely cleistogamous, with their openings entirely closed by the 

 calyx-teeth. 



420. S. linicola Gmel. — Kirchner was unable to recognize any secretion of 

 nectar in cultivated specimens of this species. The diameter of the somewhat incon- 

 spicuous flowers is at first only 4-5 mm. At the beginning of anthesis five of the 

 ten stamens are so far developed that they dehisce, their pollen-covered anthers 

 coming into contact with the three stigmas, so that automatic self-pollination results. 

 The limbs of the petals subsequently spread out horizontally, increasing the diameter 

 of the flower to 8-9 mm. At this stage the other five stamens elongate until their 

 anthers occupy the mouth of the flower, while the five older anthers wither and 

 fall off. 



