CARYOPHYLLEAE 177 



Visitors. — Schulz noticed a few small flies and bees. MacLeod observed ants, 

 Poduridae, and Acaridae in Flanders (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 159). 



In Dumfriesshire several ants have been recorded (Scott-Elliot, ' Flora of Dum- 

 friesshire,' p. 25). 



437. S. apetala L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 159 ; 

 Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 234.) — The flower mechanism essentially agrees 

 with that of the last species. The flowers are very feebly protandrous, and their 

 jjetals — which are very small, wanting altogether, or at least soon disappear — 

 open in sunshine, and the nectaries are situated as in the last species. During 

 anthesis the stamens incline inwards to such an extent that the anthers touch the 

 stigma, and automatic self-pollination necessarily results. In dull weather it takes 

 place at once, for the flowers remain closed. 



Visitors. — Acaridae have been observed in Belgium, and MacLeod has also 

 seen Poduridae, ants, and mites which are able to effect cross-pollination. 



438. S. maritima D. Don. — The flower mechanism of this species, which 

 I studied in the Halligen, agrees essentially with that of the last species. 



Visitors. — I did not observe any. 



439. S. Linnaei Presl (=S. saxatilis Wimm.). — In the Alps, according to 

 Schulz ('Beitrage,' II, pp. 14-15), the hermaphrodite flowers of this species are homo- 

 gamous or slightly protogynous. In dull weather automatic self-pollination takes 

 place, for the flowers remain closed. Kerner says that when the flowers have 

 opened the five outer stamens serve for cross- and the five inner stamens for self- 

 pollination. Besides hermaphrodite blossoms there are also female ones, distributed 

 either gynodioeciously, or gynomonoeciously. In the Riesengebirge Schulz observed 

 a large-flowered variety rich in nectar, and with partially degenerate stamens. 

 Warming saw ripe fruits in Greenland. 



Visitors. — Schulz noticed flies and small beetles. 



440. S. nivalis Fries. — According to Lindman, this species is autogamous on 

 the Dovreljeld, and Warming states that it occurs and sets fruits in Spitzbergen and 

 on the north coast of Siberia. For Nova Zemlia Ekstam describes the flowers as 

 being odourless, protogynous-homogamous (sometimes homogamous) and 5 mm. in 

 diameter. Self-pollination is inevitable. 



Andersson and Hesselman state (' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren 

 Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' p. 65) that this species flowers in Spitzbergen from the second 

 half of July to the middle of August, its fruits maturing regulariy and abundantly 

 towards the end of the latter month and the beginning of September. The petals of 

 Greenland specimens are either shorter than the calyx or of the same length (Abro- 

 meit, ' Bot. Ergeb. v. Drygalski's Gronlandsexped.,' p. i';). 



441. S. caespitosa J. Vahl. — Warming states that this species is homogamous 

 and autogamous in Greenland, where it has been observed to set fruits. Gynodioe- 

 cism obtains in Norway, the female flowers possessing more or less degenerate 

 stamens. 



442. S. nodosa Fenzl. — The hermaphrodite flowers of this species are pro- 

 tandrous in Norway and Denmark — according to Warming — and also in Russia 



