GERANIACEAE 221 



Halictus albipes F. J, do. ; 1 5. H. cylindricus F. S, do. ; 16. H. leucozonius K. 5, do. ; 

 17. H. lucidulus Schenck 5, po-cltg. ; 18. H. maculatus Sm. S, skg. (Thuringia); 

 19. Heriades truncorum L., do. ; 20. Osmia fulviventris F. 5, do. ; 21. O. rufa L. §, 

 do.; 22. Prosopis hyalinata 3'w. 5, do.; 23. Stelis aterrima Pz. 5 and $, do. ; 24. S. 

 breviuscula iN^//, 2 and S, do. ; 25. S. minuta Z^/. S, do. ; 26. S. phaeoptera K. 5 and 

 S, do. D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 27. Pieris napi Z., skg. 



In Dumfriesshire, Apis (stealing nectar), 2 humble-bees, a short-tongued bee, 

 a Muscid, and a hover-fly have been recorded (Scott-Elliot, ' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' 

 p. 38). 



Loew observed the following bees in the Berlin Botanic Garden. — 



I. Apis mellifica Z. ^, skg. (also on the va.nety ^orum allium; 2. Chelostoma 

 nigricome Nyl. S, do. ; 3. Coelioxys elongata Lep. 5, do. ; 4. Megachile argentata 

 F. i, do. ; 5. M. ericetorum Lep. S, skg. 



560. G. argenteum L. — According to Kerner (' Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, II, 

 p. 311), the flowers of this species are as markedly protandrous as those of G. 

 pratense and G. sylvaticum, self-pollination being excluded. 



561. G. sangtiineum L. (Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' p. 152, ' Weit. Beob.,' 

 II, p. 217, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 174; Schulz, 'Beitrage,' II, p. 56; Knuth, ' Bloemen- 

 biol. Bijdragen.') — Hermann Miiller describes the purple-red flowers of this species 

 as protandrous, but capable of automatic self-poUination when insect-visits fail. This 

 arrangement is necessary owing to the shady habitat. When the flower opens, 

 the five inner stamens become erect, and the anthers — which dehisce above and 

 externally — project beyond the still immature stigmas. Meanwhile the five outer 

 stamens curve downwards. On the following da}', they too become erect and their 

 anthers dehisce. The stigmas begin to spread out one or two days later, and 

 elongate so as to reach the same level as the anthers, so that if the pollen has 

 not already been removed by insects, either cross- or self-pollination may result 

 from their subsequent visits. The latter must take place automatically should insect- 

 visits fail. 



Schulz occasionally observed female flowers, distributed gynomonoeciously or 

 more commonly gynodioeciously. On the Dovreljeld, the ordinary flowers are quite 

 as large as in Central Germany, but smaller ones — hermaphrodite, male, and female- — 

 also occur. 



Visitors. — Lindman observed flies and humble-bees on the Dovrefjeld. In 

 Schleswig-Holstein I only noticed the honey-bee, skg. 



In Westphalia and Thuringia Herm. Miiller did not observe a large number 

 of visitors. They were chiefly flies and bees, which are the actual pollinators. 

 These sometimes alight on the middle of the flower, or may use a petal as a platform 

 from which to suck. He gives the following list. — 



A. Coleoptera. Curculionidae : i. Coeliodes geranii /'<y-4., skg. (?); 2. Miarus 

 ^x'sxmms Schonh. B. Diptera. Syrphidae: 3. Merodon aeneus Mg., freq., skg.; 

 4. Pelecocera tricincta Mg., po-dvg. ; 5. Pipiza sp., do. ; 6. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. 

 C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae : 7. Bombus pratorum Z. 5, po-cltg. ; 8. Halictus 

 maculatus Sm. $, nect-lkg. ; 9. H. sexnotatus K. 5, do.; 10. Prosopis sp., skg. 

 {b) Sphegidae : 11. Oxybelus sp., skg. (c) Tenihredinidae: 12. Megalodontes cepha- 

 lotes F., very freq., skg. D. Lepidoptera. Sphingidae : 1 3. Ino globulariae 

 Ifdn., skg. 



