SAPINDACEAE 253 



figuratus Scop., i on V. vinifera, i on Taylor-seedling ; 8. C. ornatus Hbst., 2 on V. 

 vinifera ; 9. Coccinella septem-punctata Z., i on riparia ; 10. Dasytes plumbeus Mull., 

 I on V. riparia, i on V. cordifolia rupestris; 11. Clytra affinis Hellw., i on Clinton; 

 12. Limonius bructeri Panz., i on V. riparia; 13. Malachius aeneus Z., 2 on V. 

 riparia; 14. M. elegans Oliv., 3 on V. riparia, 2 on V. rupestris, i on V. vinifera, 

 I on Othello (V. riparia vinifera, American variety), i on Taylor-seedling (V. riparia 

 labrusca), 2 on Clinton (V. riparia labrusca) ; 15. Meligethes brassicae Scop., 3 on V. 

 riparia, i on V. arizonica; 16. M. pedicularis GylL, i on V. riparia; 17. Nacerdes 

 austriacus GylL, 4 on Clinton, 3 on Solonis (V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. candicans) ; 

 18. Notoxys cornutus Fabr., 6 on V. vinifera ; 19. N. monoceros Z., 4 on V. vinifera; 

 20. Oedemera lurida Marsh., i on V. riparia; 21. Omophlus longicornis Bert., i on 

 V. riparia; 22. Oxythyrea funesta Poda., i on V. riparia; 23. Spermophagus cardui 

 Stev., I on V. riparia, i on V. vinifera, i on V. Solonis. B. Diptera. 24. An 

 Anthomyid, i on V. riparia; 25. Pipizella virens Fabr., i on V. riparia, i on V. 

 Solonis; 26. Syritta pipiens Z., 4 on V. riparia, 4 on V. rupestris. C. Hymeno- 

 ptera. 27. Andrena sp. ? 5, i on V. vinifera; 28. Apis mellifica Z., 5 on V. riparia, 

 8 on V. vinifera; 29. Halictus morio Z'. 5, i on Clinton; 30. H. sp. 5, i on Clinton; 

 31. H. villosulus Kirb. 5. D. Hemiptera. 32. Two undetermined specimens on 

 V. vinifera. 



XXXI. ORDER SAPINDACEAE. 



1. Sub-order Sapindeae. 



The large flowers of the species cultivated in Europe are rendered very con- 

 spicuous by their aggregation into large candelabra-like inflorescences of considerable 

 size. The flowers belong to class B, for nectar is secreted and concealed in their 

 bases. 



189. Aesculus L. 



624. A. Hippocastanum L. (Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' pp. 209-14; Herm. 

 Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 164-6; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 349; Knuth, 

 ' Grundriss d. Bliitenbiol.,' pp. 35-6, ' Bl. u. Insekt. a, d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 50, ' Bloe- 

 menbiol. Bijdragen'; Hildebrand, ' D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,' pp. 11, 26; 

 Beyer, ' D. spont. Bewegung. d. Staubgefasse u. Stempel ' ; Martelli, Nuovo Giorn. 

 bot. ital., Firenze, xx, 1888, pp. 401-4; Ogle, Pop. Sci. Rev., London, ix, 1870, 

 p. 54; K. Fr. Jordan, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, v, 1887; Focke, Verh. bot. Ver., 

 Berlin, xxxi, 1889, pp. 108-12.) — The species is coenomonoecious. It is remarkable 

 that Sprengel describes the hermaphrodite white flowers as protandrous, though 

 they are really protogynous, as first correctly pointed out by Hildebrand. The two 

 upper petals are the largest, while the lowest one is the smallest. They possess 

 nectar-guides which are at first yellow, afterwards assuming a carmine hue. Focke 

 says that this coloration renders the inflorescences more conspicuous as a whole. 

 Nectar is secreted in the bottom of the calyx, between the claws of the upper petals 

 and stamens. It is protected by the horizontal position of the flowers, the folding of 

 the petals, and woolly hairs on the petals and stamens. Hermaphrodite, male, and 

 female flowers are associated in the same inflorescence. In hermaphrodite flowers 

 the stamens are curved downwards so long as the anthers are immature, while the 

 style projects horizontally from the flower. In the second stage, the stamens with 

 their ripe anthers curve upwards, but after shedding their pollen return to their 

 first position. In harmony with the protogyny of the hermaphrodite flowers is the 



