362 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



In Dumfriesshire 2 liumble-bees and a hover-fly (very common) were recorded 

 (Scott-Elliot, ' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 54). 



Schneider saw Bombus hypnorum L. 5 and 5 in Arctic Norway (Mus. Aarsh. 

 Troms0, xvii, 1895). 



849. G. urbanum L. (Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' p. 230; Schulz, 

 ' Beitrage,' I, p. 34, II, p. 186 ; Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 66.) — 

 In the much smaller golden-yellow flowers of this species, according to Hermann 

 Miiller, nectar is secreted by a green fleshy ring situated internal to the filaments. 

 When the flower opens, the stamens are curved inwards, so that the anthers lie close 

 to the outer carpels, while the inner stigmas are mature and project from the middle 

 of the flower. The outermost stamens at once begin to curve outwards, their anthers 

 dehisce, and turn their pollen-covered sides upwards ; the more central stamens then 

 do the same. The inneiinost ones almost always shed some of their pollen upon the 

 outermost stigmas. Cross-pollination is therefore assured by early insect-visits, and 

 even later is favoured by the position of the stigmas. Usually, however, automatic 

 self-pollination comes into play, the number of visitors being very small owing to the 

 time of flowering, and because the flowers are associated with many others that are 

 more conspicuous. 



Schulz states that, besides hermaphrodite flowers, there are also male ones 

 distributed andromonoeciousl)' or more rarely androdioeciously. The same investi- 

 gator observed large-flowered and small-flowered forms; the former as a rule 

 markedly protogynous, the latter homogamous. The two are connected by inter- 

 mediate stages. 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller observed the following. — 



A. Coleoptera. Dermestidae -. i. Byturus fumatus /'., po-dvg. B. Diptera. 

 Syrphidae: 2. Melithreptus scriptus Z., skg. and po-cltg. 



I saw the humble-bee Bombus terrester L. 5, skg., in Kiel (20. 6. '97). 



MacLeod observed a Muscid in Flanders (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 

 1894, p. 310). 



Verhoeff' noticed the following in Norderney. — 



A. Coleoptera. Malacodermata : i. Dasytes plumbeus MiilL, po-dvg. 

 B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae : 2. Aricia incana Wiedem., a 5. (3) Syrphidae: 3. 

 Melanostoma mellina L., a 5, po-dvg. 



In Dumfriesshire 4 muscids were recorded (Scott-EUiolt, ' Flora of Dumfries- 

 shire,' p. 54). 



850. G. reptans L. (Herm. MuUer, 'Alpenblumen,' pp. 225-6.) — The 



hermaphrodite flowers of this species are markedly protogynous. They grow to 

 such an extent during anthesis that the original diameter of 12-15 ™rn- 'S increased 

 to 30-35 mm. Kerner states that there are two forms of the hermaphrodite flowers, 

 one with short and the other with long stamens. Besides these flowers there are 

 others, which have become purely male by degeneration of the carpels. They occur 

 either on stocks of their own or are associated with hermaphrodite flowers. 



851. G. montantun L. (Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871; 

 Schulz, 'Beitrage,' I, p. 33; Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' pp. 226-7.) — The 

 mechanism of this species agrees with that of G. reptans, but the flowers are usually 



