370 ANGIOSPERMAE— DICOTYLEDON ES 



self-pollination takes place, and this would frequently appear to be resorted to, for 

 Hermann Miiller only observed 2 Muscids and a micro-Lepidopterid as visitors. 

 (Cf. Fig. 115.) 



Visitors. — Vide supra. 



869. P. salisburgensis Haenke (=P. alpestris Hall, and P. maculata /"(^arr.). 

 (Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' p. 218.) — The flowers of this species agree as regards 

 their mechanism with those of P. minima, but are larger, so that insect visitors are 

 more numerous. 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller observed 8 Muscids, 7 Syrphids, 2 beetles, 3 bees, 

 and 3 Lepidopterids. (Cf. P. vema.) 



MacLeod noticed a short-tongued bee, a Syrphid, and a Muscid in the Pyrenees 

 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 431). 



In Dumfriesshire an Empid and 2 Muscids were recorded (Scott-Elliot, ' Flora of 

 Dumfriesshire,' p. 58). 



870. P. aurea L. (Herm. Muller, 'Alpenblumen,' pp. 218-19 J Schulz, ' Bei- 

 trage,' II, p. 68; Loew, ' Blutenbiol. Floristik,' p. 397.) — The flowers agree in 

 mechanism with those of P. salisburgensis, but are still larger, so that the visitors are 

 still more numerous. Schulz observed gynomonoecism and gynodioecism, and 

 according to him the hermaphrodite flowers in the Riesengebirge are slightly 

 protogynous. 



Visitors. — Herm. Muller observed 18 Muscids, 8 hover-flies, 3 beetles, 7 bees, 

 and 15 Lepidopterids; and Loew noticed 2 hover-flies, a Muscid, a Lepidopterid, 

 and a beetle. 



Loew records the following for Switzerland (' Beitrage,' p. 57). — 



A. Coleoptera. Malacodermata : i. Dasytes alpigradus .A'zwfw. B. Diptera. 

 (a) Muscidae: 2. Anthomyia sp. (b) Syrphidae: 3. Cheilosia brachysoma .£'^^. (?) ; 

 4. Pelecocera scaevoides Fall. C. Lepidoptera. Zygaenidae: 5. Zygaena 

 exulans Hchw. 



871. P. frigida Vill. — The flower mechanism of this Alpine species, according 

 10 Kirchner (' Beitrage.' p. 39), agrees essentially with that of P. minima, though the 

 corolla does not spread out flat, but is saucer-shaped. Hence the diameter of 

 the flower is only 7-10 mm., although each of the yellow petals is 5 mm. long. 

 The base of each petal is marked with an orange-yellow blotch. The flowers are 

 homogamous : dehiscence of the anthers begins externally, and continues centri- 

 petally, so that at the beginning of anthesis cross-pollination is more readily effected 

 by insect-visits than in P. minima. Later on, when the anthers of the inner stamens 

 have dehisced, automatic self-pollination is inevitable. 



872. P. multifida L. — The flowers of this Alpine species agree as regards 

 their mechanism (Kirchner, loc. cit.) with those of P. frigida, but all the anthers 

 are ripe at the beginning of anthesis. As they are close to the stigmas automatic 

 self-pollination is inevitable. 



Plants with buds, flowers, and ripe fruits were found (6. 8. '82) at Cape Thordsen 

 in Spitzbergen (Andersson and Hesselman, ' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. 

 Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' p. 20). 



