ROSACEAE 395 



MacLeod saw a humble-bee in the Pyrenees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 

 1891, p. 434); and Apis in Flanders (op. cit., vi, 1894, p. 307). Redtenbacher 

 noticed the Cerambycid Rhopalopus insubricus Germ. 



H. de Vries noticed 2 bees (Apis mellifica L. 5, and Andrena pilipes F. j) in the 

 Netherlands (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. ser., 2. deel, 1875). 



In Dumfriesshire, a humble-bee, 2 Empids, 3 Muscids, a hover-fly, a Dolicho- 

 podid, Meligethes, and undetermined beetles were recorded (Scott-Elliot, ' Flora of 

 Dumfriesshire,' p. 64). 



936. S. Chamaemespilus Crantz ( = Pyrus Chamaemespilus Fhrh., Mespilus 

 Chamaemespilus L., and Crataegus Chamaemespilus Jacq.). (Schulz, ' Beitrage,' II, 

 p. 72-) — Schulz describes the rose-red flowers of this species as either homogamous 

 or more or less protogynous. As the stigmas are situated in the line of fall of 

 the pollen, automatic self-pollination frequently occurs, but this can be dispensed 

 with during sunny weather, for nectar is then secreted in great abundance, and 

 the flowers are visited by numerous nectar-sucking or pollen-devouring insects 

 (long-tongued flies, small beetles, and particularly bees and wasps). Flowers that 

 have already lost their petals, but which are still fresh enough to secrete plenty 

 of nectar, are also sucked by short-tongued flies and the larger beetles. These 

 are kept from visiting the younger flowers by the erect petals, which are tolerably 

 close together. 



937. S. scandica Fries. — 



Visitors. — Loew observed the following visitors in the Berlin Botanic Garden. — 

 A. Coleoptera. Malacodernmta: i. Dasytes flavipes i^., nect-lkg. B. Diptera. 



Empidae: 2. Empis trigramma 7)^., skg. C. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 3. Apis 



mellifica L. 5, skg. and po-cltg. 



XXXV. ORDER SAXIFRAGEAE Vent. 



(including Philadelphaceae Don and Grossulariaceae DC. 

 ( = RiBESIACEAE Endl.)). 



268. Saxifraga Toum. 



Literature. — Hermann Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 243-5, ' Alpenblumen,' 

 pp. 109-11; Engler u. Prantl, 'D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,' Ill, 209, Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, 

 xxvi, 1868, pp. 833-42. 



Flowers pure white or yellow to purple-spotted or dirty yellow in colour, 

 rarely rose-red or blue. The nectar is exposed, rarely half-concealed, and is 

 secreted by the outer wall of the ovary. This position attracts numerous short- 

 tongued insects, among which flies predominate to such an extent that most of 

 the species must be placed in flower class F. Owing to the large number of visitors, 

 many species are able to dispense with automatic self-poUination, which indeed 

 is rendered nearly or quite impossible by the occurrence of more or less pronounced 

 dichogamy. Most species are protandrous, but a few are protogynous (S. androsacea, 

 S. muscoides, S. Seguieri). In the latter the flowers are considerably smaller in 

 the first (female) than in the second (male) stage. After the stigmas shrivel the 



