UMBELLIFERAE 



463 



2. Flowers strongly protandrous (those of the ultimate lateral umbels being 

 male by reduction). The commonest case. 



B. Flowers pleomorphous (5 and S) in the primary umbels. 



3. Here belong the common cases of andromonoecism ; e. g. Astrantia major 

 J.., Chaerophyllum aromaticum L., Scandi.x Pecten-Veneris L., Torilis Anthriscus 

 flernh.. and so forth. 



4. Well-marked monoecism ; e. g. Echinojjhora. 



5. Well-marked dioecism ; e. g. Arctopus. 



C. Flowers of the primary umbels with uniformly reduced male organs ; those of 

 the lateral umbels, on the contrary, purely male. 



6. Here belong the rare cases of trimonoecism, or of monoecious polygamy ; 

 f. cr. Ferula. 



FxG. 155. Geitoiiogamy of Chatropliyllitm aromaticuut, /-. (after Kerner). .4. The hermaphrodite 

 llowers are open; the pseudo-hermaphrodite pollen flowers are still closeil. B. The hermaphrodite 



Mowers have lost their stamens ; the pseudo-hcrmaphroditf: pollen (lowers have opened and are shedding 

 their pollen upon the stigmas of the former. 



To division A must be added the instance of protog}ny discovered by Kirchner 

 in Echinophora spinosa L. 



Drude (op. cit.) says that if all the different cases are reviewed and compared, 

 it will be recognized that the umbels of this order display a tendency to ensure 

 crossing by preponderating development of female organs in the first flowers to 

 open, and their reduction in those which bloom later. This tendency is seen 



