502 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



1179. L. hirsutum (=L. Panax Gouan). — Hermann Miiller describes the 

 white flowers of this species as protandrous ('Alpenblumen,' p. 122). 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller observed a beetle, 23 Diptera (including 17 Muscids), 

 7 Hymenoptera, and 3 Lepidoptera, in the Alps. 



369. Daucus L. 



1180. D. Carota L. — Schulz ('Beitrage,' II, pp. 86-9, 91, 93, 190) describes 

 this species as andromonoecious, with white flowers, of which the hermaphrodite ones 

 are markedly protandrous. For Holland monoecism has also been recorded, and in 

 Central Germany purely female flowers have been observed. The marginal blossoms, 

 as in many UmbeUiferae, are much bigger than the others, their outer petals being 

 specially enlarged. Schulz was able to distinguish two varieties in the Tyrol and 

 Central Germany. The commoner bears white hermaphrodite and male flowers in 

 the same umbellule ; the latter being central and more numerous in the umbels of 

 higher order. The second rarer variety often bears flowers tinged with green or 

 red ; their umbellules either bear female flowers only, or these and neuter ones. In 

 many cases the anthers contain normal pollen-grains, often mixed with smaller 

 irregular ones. They rarely dehisce, and remain in the position which they occupied 

 in the bud. The terminal flowers are either female or neuter. 



According to Warnstorf, the umbellules of primary umbels bear hermaphrodite 

 flowers at Ruppin ; secondary ones marginal hermaphrodite and, as a rule, a few 

 central male flowers ; tertiary umbels are almost exclusively male. The terminal 

 flower in the umbellules of secondary umbels is commonly hermaphrodite ; rarely 

 all the umbels are female by degeneration of the anthers. 



A very remarkable feature is the occurrence of an enlarged actinomorphous 

 central flower of a purple-red colour. In rare cases several may be present, even as- 

 many as 5 to 10. This flower is sometimes wanting, e.g., according to Buchenau 

 ('Flora d. ostfr. Ins.,' p. 143), in some parts of the East Frisian Islands. It is not 

 often met with in the North Frisian Islands (Knuth, 'Flora d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 67). 

 Schulz states that a terminal umbellule occurs in at most 3-5 % of all the umbels, 

 and only a small fraction of this number possess one or more of the purple-red 

 flowers (Hot. Centralbl., Cassel, li, 1892, p. 12). Kronfeld describes these flowers 

 as cleistogamous and fertile; he regards them as due to inherited gall-formation. 

 {Cf. Justs bot. Jahresber., Leipzig, xx, (1892) 1894, p. 491.) 



The umbellules of plants observed by Beijerinck (' Gynodioeciae bei Daucus 

 Carota') at Wageningen in Holland possessed central male and marginal female 

 flowers, often with a single terminal hermaphrodite one as well. In plants examined 

 by Staes (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, i, 1889, p. 124) in Belgium (Ghent and 

 Blankenberg) the marginal flowers were hermaphrodite instead of female. The 

 form with reddish blossoms considered by Beijerinck to be physiologically female 

 not infrequently bears hermaphrodite flowers, and can therefore be fertilized 

 independently of the white-flowered variety. Schulz has not observed the forms 

 described by Beijerinck, either in Central Germany or in the Tyrol. 



The two diff'erent forms of umbels of this species are described as follows 

 by Beijerinck (op. cit.) and Staes (op. cit.), for Holland (Wageningen) and Belgium 

 (Ghent and the Blankenberg dunes) respectively. — 



