CAPRIFOLIACEAE 



535 



pollination may take place by the fall of pollen on the stigma. Humble-bees are the 

 only insects which regularly effect crossing, their behaviour being as above described. 

 Hermann Miiller states that the honey-bee and flies sometimes do not touch the 

 stigma at all. 



Kerner describes the flowers as protogynous, and says that the stigma is at first 

 in the line of access to the nectar. The style subsequently bends downwards, and 

 the anthers take up the position previously occupied by the stigma. 



Visitors. — The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated.-^ 



Herm. Muller, bees, skg. (Apis mellifica L. ^ ; Bombus agrorum F.^; B. pra- 

 torum Z. 5), and a few hover-flies (Empis opaca F., freq., skg. ; Rhingia rostrata Z., 

 skg. and po-dvg.). Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), the humble-bee Bombus distin- 

 guendus Mor. §. Rossler (Wiesbaden), the moth Grapholitha albersana Hb. Schlet- 

 terer and von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus pomorum Z., J. 



1225. L. nigra L. (Herm. Muller, 'Fertilisation,' p. 297, ' Alpenblumen,' 

 PP- 394-5-) — The flowers of this species are homogamous, and belong to class Hb. 

 The nectar is protected 



against rain by numerous 

 hairs lining the corolla- 

 tube. The stigma projects 

 furthest from the flower, 

 so that it is first touched 

 by insect visitors, which 

 necessarily effect cross- 

 pollination. As the style 

 curves downwards, auto- 

 matic self-pollination re- 

 sults from the fall of pollen 

 should insect-visits fail. 

 (C/ Fig. 176.) 



Visitors. — Herm. 

 Miiller saw the bees Apis 

 and Halictus sp. ; Ricca 

 observed numerous hum- 

 ble-bees, bees, and flies 

 (Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., 

 Milano, xiv, 1871). 



1226. L. caerulea L. (Hildebrand, ' D. Geschlechts-Vert. b. d. Pfl.,' p. 18 ; 

 Ricca, Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv. 1871; Herm. Muller, 'Alpenblumen,' 

 pp. 397-8.) — This species bears yellowish-white pendulous humble-bee flowers, 

 described by Hildebrand as homogamous, by Ricca as protogynous. Hermann 

 Muller says that the corolla-tube is about 10 mm. long, and that the nectar is most 

 easily sucked by long-tongued bees, especially humble-bees. When these probe the 

 flowers they first touch the stigma, and then the anthers, thus regularly effecting 

 cross-pollination. In obliquely hanging blossoms automatic self-pollination can 

 readily take place by the fall of pollen. 



Fig. 177. Lonzcera caerulea, L, (after Herm. Muller). A. A pair of 

 pendulous flower.s. B. A flower in longitudinal sections (x 4). a, anther; 

 /i, nectar; w, nectary; ov, ovary; sd, protecting hairs : J/, stigma. 



