566 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



3. B. subterraneus L. 5 (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. ser., 2. deel, 1875). 

 Heinsius (Holland). — A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: i. Bombus rajellus K. t. 

 B. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopalocera : 2. Epinephele janira Z. 5 ; 3. Pieris napi L. 5 ; 



4. Polyommatus dorilis H/n. S and $. (V) Sphingidae : 5. Zygaena filipendulae L. 

 S and J, freq. ; 6. Z. trifolii Zj^. 



1299. S. australis Reichb. — 



Visitors. — Loew observed a Muscid (Echinomyia fera Z.) and a Syrphid 

 (Eristalis tenax Z.) in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



411. Scabiosa L. 



Flowers lilac, reddish, white, or rarely yellow in colour ; aggregated into 

 conspicuous heads : belonging to class S. Stocks gynodioecious, with protandrous 

 hermaphrodite flowers. 



1300. S. Columbaria L. (Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' pp. 82-4; Herm. Miiller, 

 ' Fertilisation,' p. 31 5, ' Alpenblumen,' pp. 400-1 ; Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') — 

 Ludwig observed gynomonoecism more frequently than gynodioecism in this species. 

 Sprengel has given an admirable account of the mechanism of the protandrous 

 hermaphrodite flowers. It agrees with that of Knautia arvensis, except that there are 



5 instead of 4 corolla-lobes. Each head contains 70-80 florets, those of the ray being 

 large and zygomorphous. Sprengel, in describing this species, makes special reference to 

 the oecological significance of these large marginal florets. Hermann Miiller measured 

 the florets, and found that the marginal ones possess corolla-tubes 6 mm. long, with 

 throats 2-2! mm. broad, the outer corolla-lobes being 7-8 mm. long, the lateral ones 



6 mm., and the inner ones 2-3 mm. Next to these ray-florets come disk-florets with 

 corolla-tubes 5 mm. long and throats 2 mm. broad, their lobes being only 3 mm., 

 2 mm., and i\ mm., in length respectively. The central florets of the head possess 

 corolla-tubes only 4 mm. long and \\ mm. broad, with lobes \\ mm. in length. 

 Hermann Miiller adds that, owing to the small size of these, and the slight increase 

 in size from the middle to the periphery of the head, there is room for a much larger 

 number of florets in the same area in this species than in Knautia arvensis. 



The female flowers, which are most numerous at the beginning of the flowering 

 season, also agree with those of Knautia arvensis, but they appear to occur only in 

 certain localities, for Hermann Miiller never found them at Lippstadt, where, however, 

 the plant is scarce. 



Visitors. — The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. — 



Knuth (Kiel Botanic Garden). — A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: i. Apis mellifica 

 Z. 5, skg. and po-citg. ; 2. Bombus agrorum F. 5, do.; 3. B. lapidarius Z., do. 

 B. Diptera. Syrphidae : 4. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg. and po-cltg. C. Lepidoptera. 

 Rhopalocera : all skg. : 5. Vanessa atalanta Z. ; 6. V. io Z. ; 7. V. urticae Z. Herm. 

 Miiller (Alps), 6 Diptera, 7 Hymenoptera, 27 Lepidoptera; and (Westphalia) the 

 following : — A. Diptera. (a) Conopidae : i . Sicus ferrugineus Z., skg. (/5) Syrphidae : 

 2. Eristalis nemorum Z., freq., skg. and po-dvg. ; 3. E. tenax Z., do. ; 4. Helophilus 

 trivittatus F., do. B. Hymenoptera. 5. Apis mellifica Z. 5, freq., skg. ; 6. Bombus 

 lapidarius Z., J, very numerous, skg. Loew (Brandenburg) (' Beitrage,' p. 40), 2 bees 

 (Andrena schencki Mor. 5, po-cltg. ; and Halictus sexcinctus F. J, skg.) ; also (Berlin 

 Botanic Garden). — A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Helophilus floreus Z. ; 2. H. tri- 



