592 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



involucre, the character of the investment of hairs, and so forth (' Bot. Ergeb. von 

 Drygalski's Gronlandsexped.,' pp. 67-8). Andersson and Hesselman say that in 

 Spitzbergen the flowering season lasts from the beginning of July till the first half 

 of September, normal pollen being produced (' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens 

 o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' p. 10). Ekstam gives the diameter of the heads as 

 10-13 nim., and describes the florets as odourless, those of the ray being white 

 or violet in colour (' Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. Spitzbergen,' p. 6). The setting of fruits 

 was observed by Kjellman in 1872-3 (according to Ekstam, op. cit.), and by 

 T. M. Fries on Sept. 9, 1868 (Andersson and Hesselman, op. cit.). 



Visitors. — H. Miiller observed a beetle, a fly, a Hymenopterid, and 10 Lepi- 

 doptera. Ekstam (20. 7. '97) noticed an undetermined fly in Spitzbergen. 



1364. E. speciosus DC. — 



Visitors. — Loew saw the hover-fly Eristalis arbustorum L. in the Berlin Botanic 

 Garden. 



1365. E. Villarsii Bell. (Kirchner, ' Beitrage,' p. 66.) — According to Kirchner, 

 who investigated this species at Zermatt, the heads agree essentially in their mechanism 

 with those of E. alpinus. — About 100 female ray-florets, with their lilac-coloured 

 tongues (3 mm. long), extend the diameter of the open inflorescence to about 

 15 mm. Within these come tubular female disk-florets in one or more series, 

 while the middle of the disk is occupied by hermaphrodite florets, varying in number, 

 and sometimes reduced to one. 



427. Solidago L. 



The mechanism of the disk-florets is similar to that described for Chrysocoma. 

 Kemer states that ray-florets, as in Aster, are geitonogamously pollinated by the 

 disk-florets. 



1366. S. Virgaurea L. (Hildebrand, ' tj. d. Geschlechtsverhalt. u. d. Com- 

 positen,' pp. 22-3, Taf. II, Figs. 7-10; Warnstorf, Verb. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 

 1896; Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 320-1 ; Knuth, ' Blutenbiol. Herbstbeob.,' 

 ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') — This species is gynomonoecious. The tongues of the 

 golden-yellow female ray-florets are 5-7 mm. long ; the stylar branches are almost 

 devoid of sweeping-hairs, and are beset marginally and internally with stigmatic 

 papillae. The diameter of the heads is 14-19 mm. Warnstorf states that the 

 stigmas of the female ray-florets, and those of the outer row of hermaphrodite 

 disk-florets become mature almost simultaneously. In the absence of insect visitors, 

 pollen from the little heaps on the upper parts of the stylar branches may easily 

 reach the margins of their lower stigmatic regions, and effect self-pollination. The 

 pollen-grains are yellow in colour, rounded or ellipsoidal, covered with coarse 

 spinose tubercles, up to 31 yu, long and 23 fx broad. 



Visitors. — I observed the following. — 



A. Diptera. {a) Muscidae: i. Lucilia caesar Z., skg. ; 2. Musca domestica Z., 

 do. (b) Syrphidae: all po-dvg. : 3. Eristalis arbustorum Z.; 4. E. nemorum Z. ; 

 5. E. pertinax Scop.; 6. E. tenax Z. ; 7. Syritta pipiens Z. ; 8. Sjrphus sp. 

 B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 9. Apis mellifica Z. 5, skg. and po-cltg. ; 10. Bombus 

 lapidarius Z. 5, do.; 11. B. terrester Z. 5, do. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 

 12. Epinephele janira Z., skg. 



