COMPOSITAE 597 



139a. S. dentatum EU. — 



Visitors. — Loew observed the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z. in the Berlin Botanic 

 Garden. 



1393. S. erythrocaulon Bernh. — 



Visitors. — Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



A. Diptera. Syrphidae: i. Eristalis nemorum Z. ; 2. E. tenax Z. ; 3. Meli- 

 threptus scriptus Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 4. Apis mellifica Z. 5, skg. and 

 po-cltg. ; 5. Bombus terrester Z. S, skg. 



1394. S. gummiferum Ell. — 



Visitors. — Loew observed a hover-fly (Eristalis tenax Z.) and a humble-bee 

 (Bombus terrester Z. $, skg.) in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



1395. S. perfoliatum L. — Sprengel says that insects creeping into the florets 

 of this species ' push the anthers in front of them into the flower,' so that the pollen- 

 covered stylar brushes are caused to protrude (' Entd. Geh.,' pp. 383-4). 



Visitors. — Loew observed a hover-fly (Eristalis tenax Z,) and a butterfly (Pieris 

 brassicae Z., skg.) in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



1396. S. terebinthinaceum L. — 



Visitors.— Loew observed 2 hover-flies (Eristalis tenax Z., and Syrphus ribesii 

 Z.) in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



1397. S. trifoliatum L. — 



Visitors. — Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. — 



A. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae: i. Cassida nebulosa Z. B. Hymenoptera. 



2. Apis mellifica Z. 5, skg. and po-cltg. ; 3. Bombus terrester L. J, skg. ; 4. Psithyrus 

 vestalis Fourcr. J, do. 



433. Inula L. 



Ray-florets uniseriate, female ; disk-florets hermaphrodite. 



Kerner says that many of the Inulas growing side by side in the Black Sea 

 region — L Oculus-Christi Z., I. ensifolia Z., I. germanica Z., L salicina Z. and 

 so on^-during the summer ' blossom in definite succession, so that one species 

 always begins to fade when another is in its prime. Each capitulum of these 

 Inulas consists of tongue-shaped pseudo-hermaphrodite florets on the circumference 

 and tubular hermaphrodite florets in the centre. The former unfold earUer than the 

 latter, and for each of these species there is a certain period, if only two days, when 

 the pollen, brought by insects to the stigmas of the pistillate flowers in the circum- 

 ference, can only have been obtained from another species, since their own pollen is 

 not obtainable.' 



1398. I. hirta L. (Herm. Miiller, 'Weit. Beob.,' Ill, p. 91, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' 

 Eng. Ed. I, II, p. 316.) — Hermann Miiller states that in this species about 200 

 dark-yellow tubular florets, expanding into narrow bells, make up a disk 13-15 mm. 

 in diameter. They are surrounded by about 50 golden-yellow ray-florets with tongues 

 15 mm. long. The star-like head thus constituted is 40-45 mm. in diameter. The 

 tube of the disk-florets is 3-3^ mm. in length; the bell 2 mm. long and i mm. broad. 

 As the nectar rises as far as the bell, it is accessible even to very short-tongued 



