COMPOSITAE 647 



H. de Vries (Netherlands), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. i, and the parasitic 

 humble-bee Psithyrus vestalis ^wrf r. (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 

 1875). Heinsius (Holland), a hover-fly (Eristalis horticola Deg. 5), a bee (Halictus 

 leucozonius Schr. 5), and 2 butterflies (Epinephele janira Z., and Vanessa urticae L.). 

 Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees, another long-tongued bee, an Empid, 

 3 hover-flies, 2 Muscids, and a Lepidopterid ('Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 100). 



1523. C. palustre Scop. ( = Cnicus palustris Wt'M). (Herm. Miiller, ' Fertilisa- 

 tion,' pp. 343-4, • Weit. Beob.,' Ill, pp. 82-3, 'Alpenblumen,' p. 425; Heinsius, Bot. 

 Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892; Loew, 'BlUtenbiol. Floristik,' p. 394.) — This 

 species is gynodioecious. Hermann Miiller says that the purple-red florets are 

 intermediate between those of the two last as regards accessibility of nectar (bell 

 of corolla 2^ mm.), and, consequently, number of insect visitors. Female stocks are 

 rarer than hermaphrodite ones. Warnstorf (Ver. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896) 

 adds that in the middle of the upper part of every outer involucral bract there is 

 a swelling which secretes a sticky substance (of unknown function) during anthesis. 

 The tube of the corolla is about 7 mm. long, as also is its limb, beyond which 

 the style projects 4-5 mm. The upper parts of the filaments are hairy. The 

 pollen-grains are white in colour, spheroidal, coarsely spinose, on an average 

 52 jit in diameter. 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller observed the following in Central and South Germany. — 



A. Coleoptera. (a)Cerambycidae: i. Strangalia melanura Z., freq. (Sauerland). 

 {h) Elateridae : 2. Agriotes ustulatus Schall. (Sauerland). B. Diptera. (a) Conopidae : 

 3. Conops quadrifasciatus Deg., occasional, skg. ; 4. C. scutellatus Mg., freq., skg. ; 

 5. Sicus ferrugineus Z., skg. {6) Muscidae : 6. Echinomyia fera Z. (f) Syrphidae : 

 7. Eristalis tenax Z., skg. and po-dvg. ; 8. Rhingia rostrata Z. ; 9. Syrphus ribesii Z. ; 

 lo. S. tricinctus Fall, po-dvg.; 11. Volucella bombylans Z., do.; 12. V. inanis Z., 

 skg. and po-dvg.; 13. V. pellucens Z., do. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 

 14. Andrena coitana K. 5, skg. ; 15. A. denticulata K. 5, do.; 16. A. gwynana K, 

 S, do.; 17. Apis mellifica Z. 5, very numerous, skg. and po-cltg. ; 18. Bombus 

 lapidarius Z. 5 and S, po-cltg. and skg.; 19. B. pratorumZ. S, skg.; 20. B. rajellus 

 K. 5, do. ; 21. Halictus cylindricus F. $ and S, very numerous, po-cltg. and skg.; 

 22. H. sp. $, skg. ; 23. Heriades truncorum Z. S, do. ; 24. Megachile centuncularis 

 F. 5, do. ; 25. M. maritima K. $, do. ; 26. Psithyrus quadricolor Lep. $, freq., skg. ; 

 27. P. vestalis Fourcr. 5, skg. (J)) Sphegidae : 28. Cerceris labiata F. 2, vainly trying 

 to suck ; 29. Lindenius albilabris F. D. Lepidoptera. (a) Noctuidae : 30. Plusia 

 gamma Z., not infrequent, skg. [b) Rhopalocera : 31. Argynnis paphia Z., persistendy 

 skg.; 32. Epinephele hyperanthus Z., skg.; 33. E. janira Z., do.; 34. Erebia ligea 

 Z., freq., skg. ; 35. Hesperia silvanus Esp. ; 36. Pieris brassicae Z., numerous, skg. ; 

 37. P. rapae Z., numerous ; 38. Vanessa urticae Z., in large numbers, skg. 

 (f) Sphingidae : 39. Zygaena minos S.- V., skg. 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. — 

 Herm. Miiller (Alps), 5 bees and 6 Lepidoptera. Loew (Brunswick) (' Beitrage,' 

 P- 50)) 3 Chrysomelid beetles (i. Cryptocephalus bipunctatus Z. ; 2. C. moraei Z. ; 

 3. C. vittatus F.) and a Muscid (Herina frondeocentiae Z.) : (Silesia) (op. cit., p. 31), 

 a hover-fly (Eristalis intricarius Z., skg.) and 2 hawk-moths (Zygaena achilleae £sp., 

 skg. ; and Z. minos S.- V., do.). Alfken (Bremen), 3 bees — i . Bombus agrorum F. $ ; 



2. B. distinguendus Mor. 5 and 5 ; 3. Halictus zonulus Sm. 5. Schmiedeknecht (Thu- 

 ringia), 3 bees — i. Bombus hypnorum Z. $ ; 2. B. pratorum Z. 5 and Z ; 3. Psithyrus 

 quadricolor Lep., freq. Hoff'er (Steiermark), the parasitic bee Psithyrus quadricolor 

 Lep. S. Schiner (Austria), 3 Muscids — i. Trypeta ruficauda F.; 2. T. winthemi Mg.; 



3. Urophora stigma Loew. Schletterer (Tyrol), 3 bees — i . Megachile ligniseca A", (also 



