648 ANGIOSPERMAE-^DICOTYLEDONES 



by von Dalla Torre) ; z. M. pacifica Pz. ; 3. Psithyrus quadricolor Lep. Heinsius 

 (Holland).— A. Diptera. {a) Empidae: I. Empis livida Z. 5. (V) Syrphidae: 2. 

 Volucella bombylans L. S. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 3. Bombus agrorum F. 5 ; 

 4. B. scrimshiranus K. $. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera : 5. Vanessa urticae L. 

 H. de Vries (Netherlands), the bees Bombus agrorum F. i and Apis mellifica Z. 5 

 (Ned.- Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Sen, 2. Deel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), 

 1 3 long-tongued bees, 4 short-tongued bees, a fossorial wasp, 8 hover-flies, 2 Empids, 

 and 7 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 404-5)- Scott-Elliot 

 (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees, a true wasp, and a hover-fly (' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' 

 p. loo). 



1524. C. eriophorum Scop. (=Cnicus eriophorus Ho/k, and Carduus eriophorus 

 Z.). — MacLeod says that the nectar is very deeply concealed in the purple florets of 

 this species (' Pyreneenbl.,' pp. 349-50). The tube of the corolla is 20 mm. long, 

 and the bell 9 mm., with 5 lobes 4.5 in length. One of the five incisions between the 

 lobes is about 2 mm. deeper than the other four, enabling a humble-bee to thrust its 

 head for 1-2 mm. into the bell, and to reach the base of this if its proboscis is 

 7-8 mill. long. The deeply concealed nectar is only accessible to long-tongued bees 

 and Lepidoptera. 



Visitors. — The follo\\ing were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. — 



MacLeod (Pyrenees), only humble-bees (6 species). Herm. Miiller (Thuringia), 

 the long-tongued bee Megachile lagopoda Z. 5 po-cltg. and skg., J skg.); (Alps), 

 2 humble-bees and 2 Lepidoptera (' Alpenblumen,' p. 425). Schiner (Austria), 

 2 Muscids — I. Trypeta acuticornis Loew; 2. Urophora eriolepidis Loew, very freq. 



1525. C. heterophyllum Hill (=Cnicus heterophyllus Rolh, and Carduus 

 heterophyllus Z.). (Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' pp. 424-5.) — In each head 

 of this species there are 200-300 florets with red bells 8 mm. long. During the 

 first stage of anthesis pollen is swept out of the anther-cylinder ; during the second 

 the stylar branches diverge a little at the end, and the papillose edges of their inner 

 surfaces swell up to some extent. Failing insect- visits, automatic self-poUination is 

 possible, for the stigmatic margins of the stylar branches project till they touch the 

 pollen that remains clinging to the sweeping-hairs. 



Visitors. — The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. — 



Herm. Miiller, the humble-bee Bombus mesomelas Gersi., skg. and po-cltg. 

 Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees and a hover-fly (' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' 

 p. 1 01). Schneider (Arctic Norway), chiefly the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. 

 (Tromse Mus. Aarsh., 1894). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden). — A. Coleoptera. 

 Telephoridae : i. Dasytes flavipes F., freq. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 2. Apis 

 mellifica L. 5, skg. ; 3. Bombus hortorum Z. 5, persistently skg.; 4. Osmia fulviventris 

 Pz. 5, po-cltg. 



1526. C. acaule Wigg. ( = Cnicus acaulis Willd., and Carduus acaulis Z.). 

 (Wamstorf, Veih. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896, pp. 38-9.) — Wamstorf describes 

 the flower mechanism of this species for Neu-Ruppin, where the purple-red florets 

 are always hermaphrodite. The tube of the corolla is 20—22 mm. long, and its limb 

 as much as 15 mm. The latter is cleft by 3 incisions about 5-6 mm. deep, and 2 of 

 about 10 mm., into 5 slender erect lobes, forming a sort of cap to the floret. The 

 anther-cylinder possesses basal hair-like appendages, and when pollen is pressed out 



