COMPOSITAE 649 



of it from below by the apposed stylar branches, projects somewhat beyond the limb 

 of the corolla. But when the style has completely elongated, the cylinder is withdrawn 

 between the lobes of the corolla by contraction of the filaments. The outer surface 

 of the stylar branches is densely covered with very short sweeping-hairs, which are 

 scarcely to be seen even with the aid of a lens, except at the base of the branches, 

 where they are somewhat larger. In the second stage of anthesis the margins of the 

 inner surfaces of the stylar branches, which are beset with papillae, bend somewhat 

 outwards, enabling insects to effect cross-pollination, or rendering autogamy possible 

 should some pollen still cling to the sweeping-hairs. The pollen-grains are while in 

 colour, roundish to ellipsoidal, coarsely spinose, as much as 63 fx. in diameter. 



In other localities the species is gynodioecious. 



According to Ljungstrom (Bot. Not., Lund, 1884), the female stocks in Sweden 

 bear smaller heads than the hermaphrodite ones. 



Visitors. — The following were recorded by the observers and for the localities 

 stated. — 



Herm. Miiller (Alps), 7 bees and 6 Lepidoptera (' Alpenblumen,' p. 422). 

 Rossler (Wiesbaden), the Tineid moth Depressaria incarnatella Zell. MacLeod 

 (Pyrenees), 2 humble-bees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 349-50). 



1527. C. rivulare Link (=Cnicus rivularis Willd.). — 

 Visitors. — HofFer records Bombus lapidarius L. S for Steierniark. 



1528. C. oleraceum Scop. (=Cnicus oleraceus L). (Herm. Muller, ' Fertihsa- 

 tion,' p. 343; Knuth, ' Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.,' 'Bliitenbiol. Floristik,' pp. 260, 397 ; 

 Warnstorf, Verb. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) — Warnstorf observed only her- 

 maphrodite florets at Neu-Ruppin. The tube of the corolla is about 15 mm. long, 

 and its limb 6-7 mm. The style projects 7-8 mm. from the tube. The anther- 

 cylinder possesses hair-like appendages at its base, and the upper halves of the 

 filaments are hairy. The pollen-grains are white in colour, roundish-ellipsoidal, 

 coarsely spinose, up to 62 yu, in diameter. 



E. Kohne (Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxviii, 1886, pp. 6-7) has published an 

 interesting observation. He found in Pomerania that the yellowish-white heads were 

 visited by very large numbers of the brimstone butterfly (Rhodocera Rhamni L.), 

 which in colour and form of wings presents a certain agreement with the pale-yellow 

 upwardly-directed tips of the involucral bracts. This would seem to be a case of 

 special protective resemblance {cf. Vol. I, p. 144). 



Visitors. — Herm. Miiller (H. M.) in Westphalia and myself (Kn.) in Schleswig- 

 Holstein observed the following. — 



A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: all skg. : i. Apis mellifica Z. 5 (Kn-, H. j\].); 

 2. Bombus agrorum F. (Kn.) ; 3. B. lapidarius L. (Kn.) ; 4. B. terrester Z. 5 and S 

 (H. M.) ; 5. Psithyrus vestalis Fourcr. (Kn.). B. Lepidoptera. (a) Rhopaloctra : 

 6. Pieris sp. (Kn.) skg. {6) Nociuidae : 7, Euclidia glyphica Z., skg. (H. M.). 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. — 



Herm. Muller (Alps), 3 humble-bees ('Alpenblumen,' p. 424). Loew (Alps), 

 the Muscid Spilographa neigenii Loew. Wiistnei (Alsen), the humble-bee Bombus 

 latreillellus K. Alfken (Bremen), 2 skg. humble-bees — Bombus arenicola Ths. 5, 

 and B. proteus Gerst. S. Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 2 bees — Psithyrus barbutellus 

 K. $, and Osmia solskyi Mor. 5. Hoffer (Steiermark), 2 bees — Bombus lapidarius Z. 



