658 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 



long sweeping-hairs on the outside, below the short ones that extend below the cleft 

 Kemer says that the heads open at Innsbruck between 7 and 8 a.m., closing again 

 between 6 and 7 p.m. 



Visitors. — Herm. Muller gives the following list for Thuringia (' Fertilisation,' 

 P- 338).- 



A. Coleoptera. CurcuUonidae : i . Larinus senilis F., larvae and pupae are to 

 be found in the common receptacle, the perfect beetles on the flowering capitula and 

 other parts of the plant. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 2. Bombus agrorum F. $, 

 very numerous, skg. ; 3. B. confusus Schenck S, do.; 4. B. lapidarius L. S, do.; 

 5. B. rauscorum F. S, do. ; 6. B. sylvaram L. $, do. ; 7. B. terrester L. 5, do. ; 

 species of Halictus, especially 8. Halictus cylindricus F. S ; and 9. H. quadricinctus 

 F. S ; 10. Psithyrus rupestris L. S. 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. — 



Knuth (Bernese Oberland), the humble-bee Bombus lapidarius L., skg. ; (Kiel 

 Botanic Garden), 3 bees (i. Bombus hortorum Z. ; 2. B. terrester Z. ; 3. Apis), 

 a butterfly (Vanessa io Z.), and a hover-fly (Eristalis arbustorum Z.) ; all skg. 

 Herm. Muller (Alps), 3 humble-bees and 2 Lepidoptera. Redtenbacher (Austria), 

 the weevil Larinus senilis F. Hoffer (Steiermark), the humble-bee Bombus pomorum 

 Pz., var. elegans Seidl. (=B. mesomelas Gerst). Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), 2 bees 

 (Bombus pomorum Pz., and Psithyrus rupestris F.). MacLeod (Pyrenees), a humble- 

 bee, an ant, and a Muscid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 358). 



1553. C. acanthifolia All. — The yellow heads of this species are rendered 

 more conspicuous by the golden-yellow involucre. 



Visitors. — MacLeod observed a humble-bee in the Pyrenees (Bot. Jaarb. 

 Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 358-9). 



1554. C. vulgaris L. (Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 161, 'Weit. 

 Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 236; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 

 Ghent, v, 1893, p. 402; Warnstorf, Verb. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) — In the 

 island of Sylt this species usually bears only one head (rarely 2-5), 40 mm. in 

 diameter. This consists of several hundred florets, and is surrounded by several 

 series of strong thorny protective involucral bracts, within which is a circlet of 

 straw-coloured bracts 20 mm. long and i|— 2 mm. broad. These are membranous 

 and not prickly. They play the part of a ray so well that the heads, which 

 but for them would be inconspicuous, are visible at a great distance. In dull 

 weather, and when it is dark, these bracts bend inwards and upwards, so as to 

 form a protective cover. Beneath this again is a second conical roof, formed by 

 the bristle-like chaffy bracteoles, which project several mm. beyond the florets. 



The pollen, as in all Compositae, is shed into the anther-cylinder, while the 

 florets are still closed, and is brushed out by the stiff sweeping-hairs, which are 

 directed obliquely upwards. When the anther-cylinder is empty, the laterally placed 

 stigmatic papillae make their appearance. 



Warnstorf adds the following particulars. — The limb of the corolla is dark- 

 violet at the time of anthesis, and the edges of its teeth are beset with simple 

 and irregularly branched short hairs, adapted to hold fast the pollen as it falls. 

 The florets are about lo-ii mm. long, and the anther-cylinder projects for as much 

 as 3 mm. By contraction of the filaments the latter is subsequently completely 

 withdrawn into the corolla, so that the dirty-yellow pollen-grains are completely 



