COMPOSITAE 679 



broad. Towards the end of anthesis the stylar branches roll back into a spiral 

 of i^ to if turns, so that the papillose stigmatic surfaces easily come into contact 

 with the pollen still clinging to the sweeping-hairs. 



Visitors. — Sprengel observed the honey-bee ('Entd. Geh.,' p. 367). 



492. Tragopogon L. 



Florets yellow in colour, more rarely violet ; hermaphrodite and ligulate. Style 

 with sweeping-hairs on its outer surface, and stigmatic papillae on the inner surfaces 

 of its branches, which roll up at a later stage. Kerner states that the stylar branches 

 of the outer florets roll back when they diverge, so as to come into contact with the 

 pollen of the inner ones. The florets of the outer whorl are exactly opposite the 

 spaces between the florets of the adjacent inner whorl, and this favours geitonogamy, 

 for one of the stylar branches will touch the pollen-covered style of the floret on 

 the right, while the other will touch the style of that on the left. 



1618. T. pratensis L. — According to Kirchner (' Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 737), 

 the heads contain 20-50 golden-yellow florets, and when the weather is sunny they 

 spread out in the forenoon to a diameter of 60 mm. ; in the afternoon and during 

 dull weather they are closed. Linnaeus states that they open 3-5 a.m. at Upsala, 

 closing again between 8 and 10 a.m. The corolla-tube of the marginal florets is 

 6-7 mm. and the ligules as much as 30 mm. long. The central florets are smaller, 

 with a corolla-tube of 5 mm. and a ligule of 7 mm. The stylar branches are 3 mm. 

 long, and bend so far backwards that they make a spiral of several turns. Automatic 

 self-pollination is thus eff'ected if some pollen still clings to the sweeping-hairs. 

 Wamstorf describes the pollen-grains as golden-yellow in colour, polyhedral, beset 

 with spinose tubercles, up to 56 /a in diameter. 



Visitors. — The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. — 



Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein). — A. Coleoptera. Niiidulidae: i. Meligethes, 

 freq., po-dvg. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: all po-dvg. : 2. Calliphora erythro- 

 cephalail^. ; 3. Scatophaga merdaria Z'. {b) Syrphidae : all po-dvg. : 4. Melithreptus 

 taeniatus Mg. ; 5. Syrphus balteatus Deg. C. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 6. Andrena 

 sp., po-cltg. ; 7. Bombus agrorum F., skg. ; 8. Halictus morio F., po-cltg. D. Lepi- 

 doptera. Rhopalocera: 9. Pieris rapae Z., skg. Schiner (Austria), the Muscid 

 Trypeta falcata Scop. Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), a Muscid (' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' 

 p. 102). 



1619. T. orientalis L., and 1620. T. floccosus Waldst. et Kit. — In these 

 species, according to Kerner, the heads open between 6 and 7 a.m. at Innsbruck, 

 closing again between 10 and 11 a.m. 



Visitors. — The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. — 



Loew (Switzerland), on T. orientalis the Muscid Spilogaster angelicae Scop. 

 {'Beitrage,' p. 60). Schletterer (Tyrol), the bee Halictus calceatus Scop. Loew 

 (Berlin Botanic Garden), on T. floccosus. — A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: i. Antho- 

 myia sp. (b) Syrphidae: 2. Eristalis nemorum Z. ; 3. E. tenax Z. ; 4. Syritta 

 pipiens Z. ; 5. Syrphus balteatus Deg. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae : 6. Halictus 

 cylindricus Z'. 5, po-cltg. ; 7. Osmia fulviventris/'z. 5, do. {5) Vespidae: 8. Odynerus 

 parietum Z. 



