78 MIMICRY. 
become of the same colour as its immediate surroundings. 
As examples we may cite the chrysalides or pupz of many 
butterflies, which . 
Fig. 25.—HYPOLIMNAS MISSIPUS. may be any shade 
of brown, golden or 
green, according to 
their surroundings. 
The common frog, 
the cuttle-fish,cham- 
eleon, and many 
fishes are familiar 
examples. Protect- 
ive coloration isalso 
of almost universal 
occurrence amongst 
mammals. The out- 
line of the body is 
destroyed by spots 
or stripes or there is 
a uniform colour 
like its surround- 
ings. In othercases 
there may be an 
almost ludicrous re- 
semblance to inani- 
mate objects or parts 
A. A male. 
B. Same species but a female mimicking C. 
C. Danais ss ae a noxious species unmolested of plants. We may 
bird: 
Png take as an example 
the familiar Indian Cadiima. This butterfly has the upper 
surface of the wings gorgeously coloured with yellow, white 
and metallic blue. On the under surface there is a dull 
brown pattern which closely resembles the dried leaf of a 
common tree. When the butterfly settles the wings close, 
and the sudden change from a bright colouring to a dull 
leaf-like tint and shape serves to effectively remove it from 
the vision of its pursuer. It should be noted that we have 
here a,“‘contrast effect.” The more gorgeous the upper 
surface the more sudden and effective is the change. 
Hence the bright colours of the upper surface may 
indirectly conduce to protection. Other insects imitate the 
droppings of birds and thus obtain immunity. 
