336 CHORDATA. 
ring posteriorly, consisting of a supraoccipital, paired exoccipitals and 
a bastoccipital ; (2) the offc bones surrounding the auditory capsule 
and lying. immediately in front of the occipitals. There are five otic 
bones—frootic, epiotic, opisthotec, pterotic and sphenotic. On the two 
last is a large facet for the hyomandibular bone. (3) At the front end of 
the cranium are a series of bones arising in connection with the nasal 
capsules, the dorsal zasa/s, median mesethmozd and lateral ectethmords.. 
(4) Between these and the occipital and auditory region the dorsal surface 
of the cranium is completed by small farzeza/s in front of the supra- 
occipital and large fronta/s covering the orbits. In front of the otic 
bones there is a pair of small al/sphenozds in the orbit. (5) The basal 
axis of the cranium is formed, anteriorly to the basioccipital, by the 
long farasphenoid and vomer, the latter bearing teeth and lying below 
Fig. 238.—THE RicHT PecroraL FIN AND GIRDLE OF THE CoD 
WITH BOTH PELVIC FINs. (Ad xat.) 
A Post-temporal. 
Supraclavicle. 
Scapula. 
Clavicle. 
Postclavicle. . Coracoid, 
Basipterygium, _, 
phores. 
Dermal Fin-rays. 
Distal Pterygiophores. 
Proximal Pterygiophores 
(Brachial Ossicles). 
Pterygio- 
Fin-rays. 
the mésethmoid. . (6) Lastly, in connection with the orbit is a chain of 
orbital bones, of which the anterior and largest is known as the dacrymal. 
To this cranium are loosely attached a number of bones belonging 
to visceral arches. -Anteriorly are paired premaxzl/@ bearing teeth, and 
maxille without teeth. These are supposed to be connected with the 
labial cartilages of the skate. 
The first or mandibular arch ossifies into the pa/atines attached to 
the ectethmoids, the pterygozds with meso- and metapterygoids, and the 
guadrates which form the upper half (or palatoquadrate chain) and the 
articular, angular and dentary forming the lower half or mandible. 
An articulation is formed between the articular and the quadrate. _ 
The second or hyoid arch consists in its upper half of a hyomandi- 
bulax attached to the otic region, bearing four opercular bones on its 
