580 CHORDATA. 
olfactory organ. In these respects the AM/ystacoceti are not 
so completely adapted to aquatic habit as the Odontocett. 
OrDER XII.— Carnivora. 
The dog and cat have been taken as types of the order 
Carnivora. They really represent the highest of the Carni- 
vora, and the characters of the order are somewhat wider 
than those deduced from these two types. As in the case 
of the Ungulata, they present a series in which certain 
structural characters graduate from one end to the other. 
They have chiefly to be distinguished from the Zusectivora 
and, in a more remote degree, from the Ungu/ata. 
The great majority are carnivorous or flesh-eaters and 
are terrestrial cursorial types. They have usually at least 
four toes, which are armed with claws or unguiculz, never 
hoofs or unguee, as the limbs are nearly always called upon 
to perform other duties than locomotion. 
The diet reflects itself in the dentition. They are always 
diphyodont and may have a large number of teeth. The 
teeth never have persistent pulps, the canines are always 
prominent, long and pointed; the incisors are usually 3, 
small and pointed, and the molars are usually cusped with 
cutting edges, often tritubercular. The enamel is usually 
little worn and there is no cement. 
There is always a more or less prominent postglenoid 
process of the squamosal, preventing backward motion of 
the mandible, and the condyle is transversely elongated ; 
these modifications being connected with the “grip” as 
described in the “ Cat” and “ Dog.” 
The stomach is simple and the intestine comparatively 
short, with a short or simple cecum. The uterus is bi- 
cornuate and the placenta zonary and deciduate. 
Other skeletal characters to be noticed are the almost 
entire absence of the clavicle, the complete condition of 
radius, ulna, tibia and fibula, the fusion of the scaphoid and 
lunare bones into a scapholunar and the common occur- 
rence of an entepicondylar foramen (in the humerus). 
All the Carnivora show a well-convoluted cerebrum 
which partially covers the cerebellum. 
As in the case of several orders, the Carnivora are 
sharply divided into two sub-orders, differing mainly in their 
